The Endocrine System

1. The Endocrine System Review Slides

2. The endocrine system is responsible for secreting ___________, which act on certain cells. Hormones

3. True or False: The endocrine system releases its hormones via ducts that travel around the body. False (ductless)

4. Only _________ cells respond to released hormones. Target

5. True or False: A steroid hormone is synthesized (made) from cholesterol. True

6. Name at least two functions of hormones in the body. Growth Development Reproduction Metabolism

7. True or False: Steroid hormones can easily diffuse into any cell in the body. True

8. What happens when a steroid hormone crosses a cell membrane? Protein synthesis is signaled to begin

9. This hormone triggers a cascade of biochemical activity within a cell.  First messenger

10. This main biochemical acts as a second messenger in many cells. cAMP

11. Non-steroid hormones are synthesized (made) from…? Amino acids

12. This group of biochemicals affect only the organ from which they are produced. Prostaglandins

13. How are excess hormones broken down? By enzymes in the liver

14. Where is the pituitary gland located? At the base of the brain

15. This “stalk” attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus. Infundibulum

16. The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is composed of these cells. Glandular epithelial cells

17. The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland communicates directly with the… Nervous system

18. Name two of the six hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. GH – Growth hormone PRL – Prolactin TSH – Thyroid-stimulating hormone ACTH – Adrenocorticotropic hormone FSH – Follicle-stimulating hormone LH – Luteinizing hormone

19. This hormone secretion is often stress related. ACTH – Adrenocorticotropic hormone

20. When secreted excessively, this hormone can cause a deficiency of male sex hormones. PRL – Prolactin

21. If there is an insufficient GH secretion during childhood, _______ can occur.  Dwarfism

22. If there is an over secretion of GH during childhood, ________ can occur. Gigantism

23. This hormone stimulates milk production in women following childbirth. Prolactin

24. Which two hormones act upon the gonads (ovaries and testes)? FSH – Follice-stimulating hormone LH – Luteinizing hormone

25. What two hormones are released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland? ADH – Antidiuretic Hormone OT – Oxytocin

26. This hormone reduces the volume of water that the kidneys excrete, thereby regulating the water concentration of body fluids. ADH – Antidiuretic hormone

27. This hormone contracts smooth muscles in the uterine wall during childbirth. OT – Oxytocin

28. This gland consists of two lobes connected anteriorly by an isthmus. Thyroid gland

29. This gland is located just below the larynx, in front of the trachea. Thyroid gland

30. _________ is a clear substance that stores hormones and fills the cavities of the thyroid gland. Colloid

31. Name the three hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. T3 T4 Calcitonin

32. The number of calories the body must consume at rest in order to maintain life is known as… BMR – Basal Metabolic Rate

33. These four, small, yellowish, structures are located behind the thyroid gland. Parathyroid glands

34. What hormone is released by the parathyroid glands? PTH – Parathyroid hormone

35. What hormone increases blood calcium concentration? PTH – Parathyroid hormone

36. These highly vascular structures sit on top of each kidney. Adrenal glands

37. What are the two parts to an adrenal gland? Adrenal medulla – middle part Adrenal cortex – outer part (majority)

38. What two hormones are released from the adrenal medulla? Epinephrine Norepinephrine

39. What two hormones are released from the adrenal cortex? Aldosterone Cortisol

40. This elongated, flattened gland lies behind the stomach and is connected to the small intestine. Pancreas

41. These groups of cells exist in the pancreas and are closely associated with blood vessels. Islets of Langerhans

42. These specialized cells secrete glucagon. Alpha cells

43. These specialized cells secrete insulin. Beta cells

44. This hormone stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose, thus raising blood sugar concentration. Glucagon

45. This hormone stimulates the liver to form glycogen and causes glucose to enter adipose tissue and muscle cells. Insulin

46. This structure in the brain regulates sleep-wake cycles and fertility cycles. Pineal gland

47. The pineal gland secretes _______ in response to light conditions outside the body. Melatonin

48. Patterns of repeated activity associated with the environmental cycles of day and night are known as… Circadian rhythms

49. This structure lies posterior to the sternum between the lungs. Thymus gland

50. Because this structure plays a role in immunity, it is very large in young children but shrinks as we age. Thymus gland

51. A factor that can stimulate increased hormone secretions is known as a … Stressor

52. Name three physical stressors that can influence hormone secretions. Extreme heat or cold Decreased oxygen concentration Infections or injuries Heavy exercise Loud sounds

53. The condition a stressor produces in the body is known as… Stress

54. This condition results from an insulin deficiency. Diabetes mellitus

55. What are two symptoms that a person may have diabetes? Tissues waste away (weight loss) Fatigues easily Very hungry Decreased ability to grow and repair tissues

56. This type of diabetes is the most common type and usually appears in overweight individuals. Type II Diabetes

57. This type of diabetes usually appears before age 20 and causes an individual to become insulin dependent. Type I Diabetes

58. What type of mechanism helps to regulate hormone secretions and maintain homeostasis? Negative feedback mechanisms