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The Jazz Age

The Jazz Age. The 1920s were a time of rapid social change in which many people – particularly women – adopted new lifestyles and attitudes. The Jazz Age. The radio audience and the African American migration to the cities made jazz popular.

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The Jazz Age

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  1. The Jazz Age • The 1920s were a time of rapid social change in which many people – particularly women – adopted new lifestyles and attitudes.

  2. The Jazz Age • The radio audience and the African American migration to the cities made jazz popular. • During the 1920’s the craze swept across the country

  3. Heroes of Jazz • Louis Armstrong (1901 – 1974) • “Duke” Ellington 1899 –1974 Young people were NUTS about jazz. 1929 – 60% of radio air time was playing jazz.

  4. Jazz Clubs and Dance Halls • NYC and the neighborhood of Harlem. • 500 jazz clubs • Cotton Club the most famous • BUT • Most white Americans did not want to hear jazz.

  5. Jazz Clubs • Artie Shaw – First to use black musicians for white audiences. • Benny Goodman – First to take jazz to white America. • SWING • First racial mixed band.

  6. Harlem Renaissance • 1914: 50,000 African Americans in Harlem. • 1930: 200,000 • Segregation dramatically increased the black sense of community & unity. • A flowering of black culture tended to reject white values and stereotypes • Blacks were seen as symbols of freedom, passion

  7. Harlem Renaissance • Black Culture and Black creativity exploded • Walter Francis White (Novels) • Langston Hughes (Novels) • Fats Waller • Billy Holiday • Ella Fitzgerald • Zora Neale Hurston (Plays) • Paul Robeson (Actor)

  8. The poverty of City life • The North was still racially prejudiced • Many black people found they could only get the worst jobs for the lowest wages • Blacks and poor whites competed for the same jobs & the same houses • The influx from the South led to the development of Urban Ghettos. In 1910 Harlem was a middle class white area, yet houses 165,000 Blacks by 1930

  9. Landlords converted houses into rooming houses and properties fell into disrepair The poor conditions led to spread of disease & Crime

  10. Black newspapers increased the sense of community • Fraternal organisations, civil clubs & churches provided the location, money & leadership for civil clubs where Politics were discussed • Not all churches were hot beds of civil rights activities, but most helped to promote a spirit of self help & self confidence

  11. The Black community was not always united • Divisions of class, colour, creed and career opportunities developed • A handful of black businessmen in northern cities did well out of segregation as it gave them a captive market • Differences between north and south hindered the development over how to improve the Black lot

  12. Racial Tensions: Violence Against African Americans • 1919: Red Summer • Race riots between white and black in Omaha, Tulsa, Washington DC and Chicago.

  13. 1919 Race Riot in Omaha • Hostility against them was high among working class whites in the city • 1920 the black population more than doubled to more than 10,000 • The major meatpacking plants hired blacks as strikebreakers in 1917 The violence was triggered by reports in local media that sensationalized the alleged rape of 19-year-old Agnes Loebeck on September 25, 1919.

  14. 1919 Race Riot • The following day the police arrested 40-year-old Will Brown as a suspect. Loebeck identified Brown as her rapist, • The Omaha Bee publicized the incident as one of a series of alleged attacks on white women by black men. The newspaper had carried a series of sensational articles alleging many incidents of black outrages.

  15. 1919 Race Riot of Omaha The Bee was controlled by a political machine opposed to the newly elected reform administration of Mayor Edward Smith. It highlighted alleged incidents of "black criminality" to embarrass the new administration

  16. Racial Tensions: Omaha • September 29, 1919 Why did Race riots break out in 1919? (Refer to immigration) Will Brown is lynched, and his body mutilated and burned by a white crowd 5mins

  17. Fighting Discrimination • NAACP(National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) • Worked to end lynching. • No national laws – but did get a number of states to comply. • 1929 – 10 lynchings in the country • Worked to get better voting rights for African Americans • NOT much success

  18. The Marcus Garvey Movement • Banks and business investment for just African Americans. • Urged a return to “Motherland Africa” to create a new country. • Started “Black Pride” from prison and after he was deported to Jamaica.

  19. W.E.B. Dubois • Didn’t think the answer was separation of the races. • Also didn’t approve of Garvey’s business practices.

  20. Copy and Complete the Tables using the booklet The New Militancy NAACP Name Founder Aims Membership Successes Weaknesses UNIA Name Founder Aims Membership Successes Weaknesses

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