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The Physical Geography of Europe

The Physical Geography of Europe. Chapter 11. Seas, Peninsulas, and Islands. 300 miles of coastline Dikes and polders. Northern Peninsula. Scandinavian Peninsula Glaciation Fjords Peninsula of Jutland. The Southern Peninsulas. Iberian Peninsula Strait of Gibralter (20 miles)

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The Physical Geography of Europe

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  1. The Physical Geography of Europe Chapter 11

  2. Seas, Peninsulas, and Islands • 300 miles of coastline • Dikes and polders

  3. Northern Peninsula • Scandinavian Peninsula • Glaciation • Fjords • Peninsula of Jutland

  4. The Southern Peninsulas • Iberian Peninsula • Strait of Gibralter (20 miles) • Pyrenees Mountains • Apennine (A phu NYN) Peninsula • Balkan Peninsula

  5. Europe’s Islands • Iceland • Volcanoes, hot springs, geysers • Hot water for heat • British Isles, Great Britain and Ireland • Mediterranean Sea Islands • Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus

  6. Mountains and Plains • Ben Nevis • Pyrenees Mountains • Alps • Mt. Blanc • Rhine and Po Rivers • North European Plain • loess

  7. Water Systems • Thames – through England • The Rhine – Beginning at Alps, through France, Germany, and Netherlands • Danube – Eastern Europe through Germany

  8. Natural Resources • Water, coal, iron, peat. • Peat is a vegetable matter found in swamps and usually composed of mosses.

  9. Chapter 11 Section 2

  10. Climate and Vegetation

  11. Water and Land • Water has a HUGE impact on the climates!

  12. Western Europe • Marine West Coast Climate – mild winters, cool summers, plenty of rainfall • Warm air from the oceans • Trees and Highlands – deciduous and coniferous trees • Alps – highlands climate, cooler • Foehns- sudden, dry winds

  13. Ireland’s forests – • Most of Ireland used to be forest, but by 1922, only 1%!

  14. Southern Europe • Mediterranean Climate – warm, dry summers, and mile, rainy winters. • Alps block the arctic winds • Mistral – strong north wind from the Alps • Siroccos – high, dry winds from Northern Africa

  15. Eastern and Northern Europe • Humid, Continental Climate – cold, snowy winters and hot summers. • Temps vary b/c they don’t get the winds from the Atlantic • Mixed vegetation • Far North is subarctic and Tundra climates • Plenty of permafrost

  16. The Cultural Geography of Europe Chapter 12

  17. Population Patterns Chapter 12 Section 1

  18. Ethnic Diversity • Indo-European • Mediterranean Peoples • Asian, African, Caribbean • People come from places around the world where Europe used to have power

  19. Ethnic Groups • 160 ethnic groups – shared ancestry, language, customs, and often religion • Sweden – 89% are Germanic descent • Belgium – 56% Flemings (Dutch), 32% Walloons (Celtics)

  20. Ethnic Tensions • Creates conflict • Balkan Pennisula – 1990s, Serbs,m Croats, Bosnian Muslims, Kosovar Albanians • Yugoslavia formed in WWII, but separated in 1990s. • Bosnia-Herzegovina/ Kosovo (Serb ruled) • Serbs instituted “ethnic cleansing” creating “refugees”

  21. Sources of Unity • Most Europeans value past and cultural achievements of ancestors • Families • Committed to democracy and free markets • Believe government should regulate economies and provide for social welfare.

  22. Population Characteristics • 2nd smallest continent • 3rd most populous • 2001 (excluding Russia), 583 mill • Germany 82 million • Vatican City 1,000 people

  23. Population Denisty • 2nd most dense continent255 psm • Industrialized areas are most populous.

  24. Population Distribution • Compare p. 262 with p. 260 • Most people where there is favorable climates, plains, fertile soil, mineral resources, inland waterways

  25. Urbanization • 1700s….industrial revolution • Went from farms to factories • WWII spread industrialization to Eastern Europe • 75% of people live in cities • Paris and London as two of most populous in world.

  26. Urban Features • Overcrowding • Combination of old and new • Naples

  27. Population Movements • 1800-1900s, Europeans move to Americas • Mid 1900s, people move to Europe • 1950s and 60s…needed foreign workers to fill positions • People came from territories once owned by Europe • 1970s, jobs were fewer, thus beginning tensions between the new and old citizens • Italy and Germany have shrinking populations

  28. History and Government Chapter 12 section 2

  29. The Rise of Europe • Physical geography’s impact • How were water and mountains important?

  30. Early Peoples • Ancient peoples found • 6,000 BC, farming spread from Southwest Asia to southeastern Europe….allowed for settlement

  31. Ancient Greece and Rome • Greece • 400-300 BC reached its zenith • Formed city-states – independent but related • Overpopulation and desire for wealth brought colonization to the Mediterranean coast. • Laid foundations for European government and culture • Athens introduced Democracy • Women and slaves could not vote • Art, literature, drama, philosophy, mathematics, and medicine

  32. Rome • Height of power from 27BC-180AD • Italy 500 BC formed a Republic • Spreading Empire to Southwest Asia and North Africa • Greek art and literature, Greek science and architecture • Developed government, law, and engineering • Built roads, bridges, and aqueducts

  33. A Christian Europe • 300 AD, Christianity official religion of Roman Empire • Empire ruled by two emperors, developing Eastern and Western Europe • 400s, Germanics overthrew Roman rule in Western half • Western Christianity developed into Roman Catholicism • Easter half became Byzantine Empire with Constantinople as capital with Eastern Orthodoxy • 500s, Slavs migrated from Ukraine to eastern and central Europe

  34. The Middle Ages • Middle Ages – period between ancient and modern times • 500-1500, Feudalism – replaces centralized government • Monasteries and cathedrals were centers of learning • Byzantines preserved ancient Greek and Roman cultures and spread Easter Orthodoxy

  35. Jewish communities, often persecuted by Christians • Many Jews settled in Eastern Europe • Islam – belief in one God and followed teaching of Muhammad • Spread from Southwest Asia through North Africa, into Spain

  36. Expansion of Europe • 1000s, fighting crusades to win Palestine • Failed to win, but established trade routes • 1300s, Renaissance – 300 years of learning, discovery, and advancement

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