Test Review PowerPoint

1. Test Review PowerPoint • The test will be on Wednesday for Blue day classes and Thursday for White day classes • There will be 30 multiple choice questions worth 3 points each (90 points total) and a short answer section worth a total of 10 points

2. Christopher Columbus • “Discovered” the Americas in 1492 • Landed 1st on the island of Hispaniola (today it’s the Dominican Republic and Haiti • The Spanish killed off all of the native Arawaks within about 60 years • Settlement of America • Europeans settled all along the east coast • The Virginia Company • Granted a charter by the king of England to search for silver and gold • Jamestown • First successful colony in America… came to find silver and gold and later became a successful tobacco growing colony • John Smith • Led the expedition to Jamestown and his leadership was influential in saving the colony from near certain death • House of Burgesses • Gov’t in Jamestown • Made laws, raised taxes • First representative government in America!!!!

3. Jamestown relations with Native Americans • Both good and bad • Chief Powhatan of the Algonquin Indians saw benefits in friendly relations • Later, the two sides fought • Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas, marries colonist John Rolfe, which brings a short lived peace • Bacon’s Rebellion • Poor farmers rebelled against a gov’t that favored the wealthy • They got their taxes reduced and more land on the frontier • Georgia as a colony • Proprietary colony to protect South Carolina from the Spanish in Florida • Haven for English debtors and religious refugees • Development of slavery in America • Slave labor was needed to produce cash crops on southern plantations • Native Americans and indentured servants were unsuccessful so they took slaves from Africa • Middle Passage • The boat ride from Africa to America… slaves were packed into cargo holds and chained down for three months!!! Many of them died

4. The Pilgrims • Religious refugees from England… sailed on the Mayflower • The Puritans • Came from England for religious freedom • Massachusetts Bay Colony • Puritan immigrants, including John Winthrop, came to the New World to escape religious persecution • Received a charter from the king of England • Early gov’t in America • Mayflower Compact • Gov’t of the Pilgrims • First democracy in America!!! • Representative Government in Massachusetts • Town Meetings to discuss ideas • Limited Democracy: • Only white, 17 years old, male landowners were generally allowed to participate in the political process

5. Roger Williams & Anne Hutchinson • Challenged the Puritan church in New England • This led the Puritan church to banish them!!! • Rhode Island • Created to escape the intolerance of Puritan society for different religions. • Connecticut • Had the first Constitution in America • The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut… established a representative gov’t • King Philip’s War • Puritan’s fought the native Americans led by Metacom (aka King Philip)… the Puritan’s won • Salem Witch Trials • People in Salem, Mass. were falsely accused of being witches • Navigation Acts • Refused to pay British taxes so the king revoked the charter

6. What is a colony? A group of people living in a small area away from their own country Settlement of America New England • Cold, infertile but the population grew quickly • Manufacturing, ship-builders, fishermen Middle Colonies • Land was good for farming: wheat, corn, and other grains Southern colonies • Warm and humid climate; long growing season • Ideal for producing crops on a large scale on plantations • Because of the need for labor, indentured servants and later slaves were brought in to work on the plantations

7. MERCANTILISM • Economic policy in which a nation accumulates wealth by exporting more goods than it imports • The more colonies you own = the more resources you have!!! • It is better to export than to import

8. Triangular trade

9. The Enlightenment • A movement headed by thinkers who believed that all problems could be solved using human reason • Influenced by the Scientific Revolution: • Observation and experimentation were used to learn about the physical world • Political thinkers like Voltaire and Rousseau of France and John Locke of Great Britain • Looked for natural laws that could be applied to government

10. John Locke • Believed in natural rights given to all Humans by God • Life, Liberty, Property • Social Contract Theory: a government exists to protect its peoples natural rights… if it doesn’t protect them, the people have should overthrow it and institute a new one Benjamin Franklin • Successful printer with a hunger for knowledge • He wrote books, almanacs, conducted scientific experiments, and had several inventions • One of the founding fathers… helped America become independent • He was integral in getting the French to join the Revolutionary War on the side of the Patriots • After the war, Franklin negotiated the peace treaty with the British • He gained more land for the United States because he cut the French out of the negotiations

11. The Great Awakening • Religious movement that rejected the Enlightenment • Believed that personal religious experience was important in seeking God’s salvation • Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield were two its leading preachers Effects of the Great Awakening • Inspired a feeling of individual power in people • Led to a rise in democratic belief in the colonies • If a person could choose how they worshipped then they could choose their own form of gov’t!!!!!

12. Navigation Acts(part of the policy of Mercantilism) • England was exploiting the colonies to make as much money as they could for themselves • The Navigation Acts goal was to keep all American goods in English hands • The Navigation Acts were difficult to enforce • Colonists could make more money by selling goods to other countries besides England Salutary Neglect • Salutary = Beneficial • As long as the colonists sent raw materials to Britain and the colonists continued to buy British made finished goods then Britain would not closely supervise the colonies • It cost a lot of money to enforce the Navigation Acts • This freedom gave the colonists a taste for independence!!!

13. French Settlement in America • The French settled in Quebec… north of New England • Founded by French explorer Samuel de Champlain • France claimed territory all the way down to the Gulf of Mexico and called it Louisiana… in honor of King Louis XIV

14. French Territory in America

15. The conflict begins… • The French and Indian War • Fought between the British and French over territories in the Americas • British & the colonists vs. the French & Native Americans • George Washington led colonial British troops in the first battle of the war • Lasted nine years and ended with the Treaty of Paris 1763… the British & colonists won • The British gained all of New France and all territory in the west up to the Mississippi River

16. Results of the war

17. The Seeds of Revolution • The Proclamation Line of 1763 kept the colonists from settling territory west of the Appalachian mountains… the same land they just fought for!!! • Britain needed money to help repay war debts that built up during the war with France during the 1750’s and 1760’s • They imposed new taxes on the colonists because they claimed the war was fought to protect the colonists

18. Events leading to independence • Currency Act of 1764 • Prohibited the colonies from printing their own money • Hurt the colonists because they couldn’t pay debts to British creditors • Proclamation of 1763 • Kept the colonists from settling land west of the Appalachian mountains • Upset them because they just fought a war to gain this land • Sugar Act of 1764 • Lowered the tax on molasses but increased enforcement of the taxes • Stamp Act of 1765 • Tax on all printed goods… newspapers, books, etc. • Quartering Act of 1765 • Required colonists to provide housing and supplies for British soldiers • Townshend Acts • Levied duties (taxes) on everyday items such as glass, led, paint, and tea • Sons of Liberty • Groups of men who protested British taxes

19. Events leading to independence • Boston Massacre • In March 1770, a group of colonists threw rocks and snowballs at British soldiers… the soldiers fired on them killing five of them • Tea Act • A tax on colonial tea merchants… but the British East India Tea Company did not have to pay a tax • Boston Tea Party • Colonists dressed as Native Americans dumped tea overboard to protest the tea taxes • Coercive Acts of 1774 • Closed Boston harbor after the Tea Party and strengthened the power of the governor of the colony • Committees of Correspondence • Network of protesting colonists providing leadership and cooperation to fight the unfair treatment by the British • First Continental Congress • An organized group of colonists who sent delegates to Philadelphia to discuss how to fight the British treatment • Led by Patrick Henry… “Give me liberty or give me death!!!” • Encouraged colonists to move toward becoming an independent nation • Minutemen… aka militia (pg 108) • Part-time soldiers who were also full-time farmers • They were ready to fight in a minutes notice… hence the name Minutemen!!!!

20. The move toward an American nation!!! Patriots vs. Loyalists • Loyalists felt the British gov’t was legitimate • Patriots felt the British were taxing the colonists unfairly… “No taxation without representation!!!” • Patriots wanted to declare independence from Britain but many colonists were either Loyalists or were neutral Shots fired!!! • Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts • Fighting begins between the colonists and Britain and soon spreads to other parts of the colonies Thomas Paine - Common Sense • He wrote a pamphlet that attacked the English king • Said a tiny island like Britain so far away had no business governing a large continent like America… it didn’t make sense!!! • This inspired many colonists to want to declare independence

21. The Declaration of Independence • On July 4, 1776 the colonies accepted the Declaration of Independence • It defined the basic principles on which the American government and society would be based • It had a list of grievences (things the British gov’t. did that upset the colonists) • It is based on John Locke’s theory of natural rights: life, liberty, and property • The Social Contract Theory: a gov’t existed to protect the rights of the people… if it did not protect those rights, the people had the right to abolish it and institute a new one

22. The American Revolution • The war lasted for seven years and there were several key battles you must know… The Battle of Saratoga • This was one of the biggest American victories in the war • It became the turning point in the war when French agreed to help the colonists gain their freedom from Britain Valley Forge • Washington and his soldiers spent the winter at Valley Forge… it was a long, cold, difficult winter and many in the army nearly quit • Baron von Steuben – a Prussian military officer who helped Washington turn his undisciplined troops into professional soldiers The Battle of Yorktown • The final battle of the Revolutionary War • Washington was able to pin the British between his army and the French navy • Lord Cornwallis was forced to surrender

23. Alliance with France • The alliance with France was a huge advantage for the colonists • France gave money, troops and use of their navy to help to defeat the British • This also helped because the British had to defend itself in Europe as well as in North America Marquis de Lafayette • He was a French general who helped the Patriots during the war • He was experienced at fighting the British and used that knowledge to the advantage of the Patriots

24. The Treaty of Paris (1783) • The treaty officially ended the Revolutionary War. • It was signed by Great Britain, France, Spain, and the United States • Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States • The northern border of the United States was set primarily along the great lakes • The Mississippi River was set as the western border of the United States • Florida was given back to the Spanish by the British. • Great Britain would remove its troops from the United States territory • The rights and property of American Loyalists was returned

25. The Impact of the Revolution • The traditional ideas about women were now challenged • The principle of equality as included in the Declaration of Independence provided an argument for the Anti-Slavery cause • The Iroquois and other Native American tribes were destroyed, and were continually persecuted by the Americans for decades to come • The greatest effect of the war was the diffusion around the world of the idea that “all men are created equal”