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Chapter 28 The Progressive Era

Chapter 28 The Progressive Era. 1901-1916. Question. What Does It Mean To Be “Progressive” Can You Provide Me With An Example?. Progressive Era. Progressivism Early 1900s reform movement to fix problems of industrialization, immigration, and urbanization Progressive Movement

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Chapter 28 The Progressive Era

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  1. Chapter 28The Progressive Era 1901-1916

  2. Question What Does It Mean To Be “Progressive” Can You Provide Me With An Example?

  3. Progressive Era • Progressivism • Early 1900s reform movement to fix problems of industrialization, immigration, and urbanization • Progressive Movement • Apply new ideas to improve society and move it forward

  4. Societal Problems Pictionary

  5. Hello 20th Century • 76 million Americans by 1900 • 1 in 7 foreign born • New Crusade against monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice • Progressive Roots • Greenback Labor party of the 1870s • Populists of the 1890s • Hands OFF became Hands ON

  6. Reform ECONOMIC POLITICAL SOCIAL

  7. Problems Harsh Working Conditions (pay, hours, safety) Women’s Right to Vote Unsafe Drinking Water Poor Housing Crowded Cities Problems Unsafe Food Child Labor Corrupt Businesses Corrupt City Officials Inadequate Public/Social Services

  8. Tale of Two Cities

  9. Clickers • It is the role of government to ensure the health and welfare of all citizens. • It is the role of private organizations and charities to ensure the health and welfare of all citizens. C. It is the role of both government and private organizations to ensure the health and welfare of all citizens.

  10. Clickers • I agree with the need for big government • I think individual states should have more power • I think we should only have big government when we are in a recession/depression and then afterwards scale back • Anarchy!

  11. Question Should government remain narrowly limited in its powers, or did the times require a more potent government that would actively shape society and secure American interests abroad?

  12. Government vs. Government Progressives Conservatives Fierce competition is the best formula for social progress • Thought government should promote the welfare of its citizens • Today’s “Liberals”

  13. Muckraking • Muckrakers • Investigative journalists who wrote about corruption in business and politics, hoping to bring about reform • The exposing of evil became a flourishing industry among American publishers

  14. Activity The Role of the Muckrakers

  15. Child Labor Reform • Muckraker, Lewis Hine’s photographs of children in factories increased public demand for regulations

  16. Working Conditions • Women’s efforts to combat poor working conditions • National Consumers League (NCL) • Adopted the “white label” • Approved stores that met minimum wage and maximum work hour requirements and provided decent working conditions • Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL) • Organized labor unions • Tried to eliminate sweatshop conditions

  17. Workplace Safety Reform • Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • Garment Factory in NYC (1911) • Brought attention on the need to protect workers • Outcry for worker safety and worker compensation • Are tragic events still motivators for reforms? Why or why not?

  18. Important Court Cases • Muller v. Oregon • Law protected women workers • “Weaker bodies” • Discriminatory? • Lochner v. New York • Supreme Court ruled that New York law setting maximum working hrs for bakers was unconstitutional

  19. Monopolies • Standard Oil • J.D. Rockefeller • Taken down by Ida Tarbell • Journalist Muckraker • Wrote “The History of the Standard Oil Company” • 2 years of research on the company • "They had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me.“ • - Ida Tarbell

  20. Labor Unions • Group of workers who organize to collectively negotiate with their employers: • Wages • Benefits • Working Conditions • If Demands weren’t met: • Strikes • Boycotts

  21. American Labor Groups AFL IWW Led by William Haywood Supported all wage earners, regardless of skill, nationality, race, sex, or age Known as the “Wobblies” (seen as anarchists) • Led by Samuel Gompers • Believed only in skilled workers

  22. The Unions Pass out Union Worksheet

  23. Why No Socialism in the U.S.? • Karl Marx believed that there would be a socialist revolution with the proletariat defeating the bourgeoisie and the end result being a classless society • It didn’t happen…why? • See pages 642-643

  24. Election Reform • Traditionally, party leaders picked candidates for state and local offices • Progressives pushed for a Direct Primary • The people vote to select nominees for upcoming elections • Direct vote for Senators too • Seventeenth Amendment (1913) • Eliminated bribery and corruption

  25. Election Reform (cont) • Initiative • Gives voters the power to initiate, or introduce legislation (sign a petition) • Referendum • Voters can approve or reject existing laws • Recall • Voters can remove an elected official from office

  26. Government Corruption • All levels of government were corrupt • From City Hall to Wash DC • Tax breaks/favors for gifts/campaign contributions What are some “special interest” groups today? State/Political Machines + Special Interests

  27. Quote “The greatest single hold of “the interests” is the fact that they are the ‘campaign contributors’…Who pays the big election expenses of you congress man, of the men you send to the legislature to elect senators? Do you imagine those who foot those huge bills are fools? Don’t you know that they make sure of getting their money back, with interest?”

  28. Activity Special Interests: Then and Now

  29. Women’s Activism • Settlement house movement • Opportunity to public life • Curb Monopoly power • Ida Tarbell helps break up Standard Oil • Focused on moral and “maternal” issues

  30. Women’s Suffrage • Nineteenth Amendment • Granted women the right to vote (1920) Why was the banner that was unveiled when the Russians visited President Wilson so effective in stirring public opinion?

  31. Family Life Reform • Temperance Movement • Practice of never drinking alcohol • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) • Led to Prohibition • Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages and closed the nation’s saloons • 18th Amendment (banned alcohol in 1919) • 21st Amendment (repealed 18th amendment in 1933)

  32. Food Safety Reform • Regulation of meat, food, and drug industries • Upton Sinclair • One of the most famous of the muckrakers • Wrote “The Jungle” • Reform Measures: • Meat Inspection Act • Pure Food and Drug Act

  33. Reforming Racism • By 1910, segregation was the norm across the nation after Plessy v. Ferguson • Progressivism was mainly a white, middle-class, Protestant Movement • African American leaders demand reform

  34. Response to Discrimination Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Du Bois Believed that black people had to demand their social and civil rights Helped start the (NAACP) • Believed black people must tolerate discrimination while they proved equal to white people.

  35. Primary Source W.E.B. DuBois, The Souls of Black Folk, (1903) It is a peculiar sensation, this double consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s self through the eyes of others….One ever feels his two-ness- an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.” Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery, (1901) “Among a large class, there seemed to be a dependence upon the government for every conceivable thing. The members of this class had little ambition to create a position for themselves, but wanted the federal officials to create one for them. How many times I wished then and have often wished since, that by some power of magic, I might remove the great bulk of these people into the country districts and plant them upon the soil – upon the solid and never deceptive foundation of Mother Nature, where all nations and races that have ever succeeded have gotten their start – a start that at first may be slow and toilsome, but one that nevertheless is real.”

  36. Name That Reform Child Labor Low Pay Long Working Hours Poor Working Conditions

  37. Name That Reform Old, Molded, Unhealthy Steak

  38. Name That Reform Corrupt Politicians who formed Political Machines to put those they want into power

  39. Name That Reform What tragic event made politicians and business leaders realize they needed to provide better workplace safety and worker compensation?

  40. Name That Reform Men spent their hard earned money on alcohol Men neglected their families Spousal abuse Crime Poor Morals

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