120 likes | 300 Views
The Evolution of the Intel 80x86 Architecture. Chad Derrenbacker Chris Garvey Manpreet Hundal Tom Opfer CS 350 December 9, 1998. Development Time line. 1971 - Intel 4004. 1978 Intel 8086: 16 bit registers, 1MB memory 8088 was released, 8 bit external registers
E N D
The Evolution of the Intel 80x86 Architecture Chad Derrenbacker Chris Garvey Manpreet Hundal Tom Opfer CS 350 December 9, 1998
Development Time line 1971 - Intel 4004 • 1978 Intel 8086: 16 bit registers, 1MB memory 8088 was released, 8 bit external registers • 1982 Intel 80286: 16 bit registers, two addressing modes, 16MB memory • 1985 Intel 80386: 32 bit registers, three addressing modes, 4 Gig memory • 1989 Intel 80486: 32 bit registers, three addressing modes, 4 Gig memory, faster Mhz speed, FPU, L1 cache 1978 1982 1985 1989 1993 - Pentium
Instruction Set • Data movement instructions • PUSH (push word onto stack), MOV (move byte or word) • Conversions • CBW (convert byte to word), CDQ (convert double to quad) • Arithmetic instructions • ADC (add with Carry), INC (Increment) • Logical, shift, and rotate instructions • XOR (Exclusive OR), ROL (Rotate Left) • String instructions • STOS (store string), LODS (load string) • Program flow and control • CALL (program call), JMP (unconditional jump)
Register Architecture • Register sizes progressed from 16 bit on the 8086 and 286 to 32 bit on the 386 and 486. • General Registers • Accumulator, Base, Counter, Data • Segmented Registers • Code, Data, Stack, Extra • Special Purpose Registers • Stack, Base, Stack, Destination • Instruction, Flag
Addressing Modes • 8086 • only operated in Real Mode • 80286 • Introduced Protected mode: allowed memory to be segmented and protected from conflicts. • Problem was that it couldn’t switch back to Real • 80386, 486 • Virtual Mode: allowed chip to emulate multiple 8086 chips • able to address memory in large chunks
Performance Factors • Few improvement from 8086 - 80286 • 80386 • introduction of cache memory • 80486 • integration of 386 match coprocessor into 486 core logic • introduction of 486DX2 and DX4 (doubled and tripled core clock frequency)
Memory • 8086 • memory segmentation • (total address space 1MB, 64K at a time) • 80286 • 16MB Physical memory, 1GB Virtual memory • 80386 • 4GB Physical memory, 64TB Virtual memory • 80486 • same as 80386
Speed • 8086 • 4.77 (0.33 MIPS), 8 (0.66 MIPS), 10 (0.75 MIPS) MHz • 80286 • 6 (0.9 MIPS), 10 (1.5 MIPS), 12 (2.66 MIPS) MHz • 80386 • DX 16, 20, 25 (8.5 MIPS), 33 MHz • SX 16, 20 (2.5 MIPS), 33 (2.9 MIPS) MHz • 80486 • DX 25 (20 MIPS), 33, 50 (41 MIPS) MHz • DX2 66 (54 MIPS) MHz • DX4 100 MHz - clock tripling • able to execute most instructions in a single cycle with the incorporation of RISC like principles.
Role in the Marketplace • 6 generations, most successful microprocessor in history • Intel was in the right place at the right time when IBM made their decision to use the 8086 in the first desktop computer, the Datamaster • IBM’s own engineers wanted to use the Motorola 68000, but they already had the rights to manufacture the 8086 • 1984 - PC AT, a 6 MHz 80286 computer using PC-DOS, a 5.25-inch 1.2MB floppy drive, with 256KB RAM for $4000.
Role in the Marketplace • Cloning of the IBM-PC • 1986 Compaq introduced the first 80386 16 MHz clone. • Turning point that enabled today’s modern computer industry. • Today the x86 market is a multi-billion dollar industry selling millions of units per year. • Intel’s Key Factors in Success: • Double the speed of the latest microprocessor every 18 months • expand into other markets such as notebooks • keep new processors upwardly compatible