Review

1. Review Client types & relationships Education experience Patrons Office development & growth Failures & controversy Architecture and its relationship with society Architecture and its relationship with art

2. Introduction • Since the beginning of time, mankind has been in the business ofbuilding. • Over timeTechnology & Construction Methods continually evolve: • From the Egyptian post & lintel system • The Greek pediment • The Roman arch • The Gothic cathedral & Byzantine basilica • The Renaissance perspective • The Bahaus and international school steel & concrete • Modernism, post modernism and beyond

3. Introduction • Over time many aspects of the architect’s life change • Societies change: Can you name a few periods in history that have changed the way architects work or the types of building designed during that time? War/Peace Prosperity/Depression Social change-Urban Decay/Sub-urban sprawl • Clients change: the state, church, wealthy individuals, corporations , regular folks • The legal environment changes: building laws, codes, zoning, environmental • The architect’s tools change

4. Introduction • But the excitement & energy inherent in the building process does not change; the building process begins with 2 elements; IDEA & CLIENT • with the CLIENT & IDEA comes the building concept • Drawings develop the vocabulary for the physical construction of the concept • Finally a builder and labor force turns the concept into reality • Architectural Practice is concerned with the management of this process • Lets start with a …

5. Brief History of Profession

6. Throughout centuries only a fraction of the built environment has ever been effected by the architectural profession

7. EGYPT: Imhotep (scribe astronomer, magician & healer) He devised the step pyramid for his patron King Zozer by stacking several mastabas (burial platform) into a monumental tower 195 feet high The pyramid and the entire complex around it, were of cut stone. The change from an architecture of brick and wood to stone was nothing less than a construction revolution The cunning involved with the introduction of this technology (inc. the cutting and movement of stone) is still honored

8. GREEK • Dedalus (legendry 1st architect of the Greek world – inventor of form & contraptions) • The Labyrinth of Crete (perhaps the first palace of Knossos) • Statuary from Egypt • His dance floor is mention by Homer in the Illiad • When things got bad he made wings and flew (with his son Icarus, who didn’t get too far) to Sicily where he please the King with an underground steam bath and a reservoir • “Dedalus” now means “the cunning one” or “skilled worker” • Even though the excellence of Greek draftsmanship is blazoned on thousands of vases not a single architectural drawing has come down to our day. • It is theorized that the Greek architect functioned like a master carpenter, giving detailed verbal descriptions to the stone mason

9. Ancients • In the ancient world, there was one category of work that brought “architects” extravagant praise or cast them into complete obscurity This was the urge to provide homes for deities; especially true during the phase from nomadic life style to a more settled one • “Behold, the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less this house that I have builded” • King Solomon at the Temple of Jerusalem 1Kings 8:27 • How could a mortal presume to know the kind of built environment that would please the gods?

10. To many cultures the answer is simple, the form of the temple must be God given and the recipient was usually the King. The divine overlord, client and architect at once, used the king as his builder.

11. God the Architect?? • In reality the client was the king and an architect prepared the plans within the established norms of religious architecture. • However because of the high sanctity of the commission the architect’s identity was preempted by the king’s, who would also assume credit for all other major buildings of his reign. • This held true, except in Egypt where plans and other information were preserved in archives and architects had access to this, thereby elevating their status and notoriety. Some of these drawing still survive today

12. Roman • Much of what we know about the Roman architect comes from Vitruvius (25 BC). Vitruvius wrote from a conservative view point conceived within a particular theoretically frame work and he wrote before most of Rome’s most important buildings were created. • We know the following: • Architects probably came from the lower social strata; there is evidence that liberated slaves attained professional standing.

13. Rome like Greece did not celebrate their architects and there is little information has to who the architects were and their training.

14. The 3 main avenues towards becoming an architect was • training in the liberal arts and service with an established master (private career) • training in the army with engineering, construction and by steps to a senior engineer/architect post (with or without practice) • or accent through the graded levels of civil imperial service • The career of Vitruvius is really the only one we know anything about; he came up through the ranks of civil service working as a military engineer. • He wrote his exposition of architecture in an organized and methodically manner. He had clear opinions of what an architect should know • His influence on future architects of the renaissance is immeasurable.

15. During the late Empire (3rd & 4th Century AD) the profession flourished with a shortage of architects during the time of Constantine the Great (AD 306-37) probably due to the design of the new capital Constantinople.

16. The most interesting architect of this time was Anthemius. He’s best know for Hagia Sophia, what many consider the grandest and yet most subtle of architectural creations and in great part a triumphant end-product of centuries of Roman architecture.

17. Middle Ages There is a lot of writing about architects during this period mostly known as the Gothic period. All of the architects work was dedicated to the church.

18. Middle Ages • There still was not a “profession” of architecture and anyone who called himself architect was an artisan, usually a stone mason. • This started to change in early 15th century Italy.

19. One particular event was of special significance: St. Gall Renaissance In 1415 the Florentine scholar, Poggio Bracciolini, found in the library of the monastery of St. Gall in nearby Switzerland a manuscript of Vitruvius’ treatise of architecture, the only surviving ancient text of its kind. During this time when artist, scientist, inventors & scholars were re-think their place, this text was greatly received and studied. Both Alberti & Brunelleschi make references to this work.

20. Leon Battista Alberti – a wealthy family of cloth merchants and bankers, an academic writer-sees architecture as a civic activity was able to gain interest of patron Medici’s • Alberti wrote several treatises regarding architecture and his view of humanism (using all knowledge in the public interest) architecture was a vocation (not a profession) for a gentleman with a liberal education and special knowledge of math & geometry

21. Filippo Brunelleschi - goldsmith and student of Roman architecture; sees architecture as a higher form of craftsmanship; a master builder coming up from a trade perspective

22. Development of Specialized Role • 100 years later Philibert Delorme (1510-1570), like Alberti, a distinguished writer saw architecture as a self-governing profession of specialists with accepted standards of training and clearly defined responsibilities and privileges. • He wrote about the architect, patron, and the workman and set-up guidelines for their working relation • Philbert made a social distinction between the tradesman and the architect as someone that possesses the practical experience of the master mason with the knowledge of the amatueur man (schooled in books and experience)

23. Rise of the Professional Architect: Need for Professional Standards • The formation of the architectural profession in England is bound up with 2 major intellectual and social changes over the past 4 centuries • – the transition from medieval to modern processes of thought • – the shift from an agrarian to capitalism-based society via the Industrial Revolution. • The first move towards professional solidarity came in 1866 with the creation of the Institute of British Architects, later the designation “Royal” was conferred.

24. A population explosion between 1800 & 1830 increased from 9 million to 14 million the population of England, which led to a great need for housing. • The general contractor evolved from this need as a businessman with a financial relationship to design who affected the historic tripartite relationship between client, designer and craftsman. Sir John Soane recognized the dangers to professional integrity inherent in the activities of the architect- contractor. Membership in the RIBA continued to regulate the conduct of the architectural profession

25. The Ecole attracted many Americans who wanted to improve the practice of architecture through better education and it represented what Americans wanted, rational design theory, well organized curriculum and government patronage (Ecole students did not pay). • Students advanced from entry level 2nd class to 1st class by wining competitions and acquiring points along the way. For diploma, they were required to win more competitions, complete a thesis and gain a year’s work experience. Culmination of the process for a few was the annual Grand Prix de Rome competition; were winners were sent to the French Acadmey in Rome for 4 years of study and guaranteed an official government position upon return. • Patrons (working architects) led each atelier, visiting the group usually in eves. Students attained atelier when they wanted with each atelier led by the hierarchy of the upper classmen. Ecole des Beaux-Arts Established under Louis XIV 1648 closed 1968 the oldest school of art & architecture north of the alps, survived political revolutions and changes in style.

26. Few American born persons before the 1890’s had the benefit of systematic foreign training and among those who had were the leaders of the profession. • Richard Morris Hunt was the first to attend Ecole in 1845-1853. • He was followed by Henry Hobson Richardson, Charles McKim, Louis Sullivan, Thomas Hastings & Bernard Maybeck among others.

27. The average 19th century American architect hardly fit the definition of a professional. Before the 20th century any one who so chose to call themselves architect and could engage in professional activities with what ever level of involvement they saw fit. • This was soon to change with the establishment of the 1st architectural school in the US at MIT 1868 by William Ware (a student of Hunt’s). Cornell (1871) Univ. of Illinois (1873) The 1st state requiring registration was Illinois in 1897 • MIT along with other US schools, U.Penn & Harvard, hired French Ecole graduates as instructors.

28. Some US architects rejected the Ecole’s teachings as elitist, artificial and not suited to Americans needs. This group included Louis Sullivan (who studied at Ecole) and Frank Lloyd Wright, how turned down Burnham’s offer of 4 sponsored years in Paris.

29. America • Office experience was the training ground • HH Richardson studied at Ecole, started first atelier in US in NY. • CF McKim and Stanford White worked for him and started what was to become one of the largest firms in 1909 at McKim’s death the firm had 89 people and exceeded 100 including non-professionals • Walter Gropius started a revolution in design in the 1920’s with his Bauhaus. Gropius approached all design problems as basically similar and thus considered it necessary for all designers to have the same basic education. • Gropius went on to Harvard in 1937 and others Bauhaus trained architects followed • By 1950 the Beaux Art tradition had died in the US and the Gropius Harvard School became the best and most admired school in not only in the US but around the world.

35. State Board & IDP