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Republican Rule: Jefferson through the War of 1812

Republican Rule: Jefferson through the War of 1812. Chapter 4 Sections 3 and 4. Jeffersonian Republicanism. Ideology : Wanted a democratic government—power in the hands of the people Thought all “educated” males should be able to vote not just wealthy people

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Republican Rule: Jefferson through the War of 1812

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  1. Republican Rule: Jefferson through the War of 1812 Chapter 4 Sections 3 and 4

  2. Jeffersonian Republicanism • Ideology: • Wanted a democratic government—power in the hands of the people • Thought all “educated” males should be able to vote not just wealthy people • Glorified the independent yeoman farmer • Thought cities/industry made people dependent on others • As little government involvement as possible in order to prevent chaos/anarchy • More power for the states, less for the federal govt (states rights) • Very narrow interpretation of the Constitution • Who would be a Republican? • Farmers/farming interests—South and the Westnew region • Generally the poor/middle class, but also wealthy people in the South

  3. Compare and Contrast: Republican vs Federalist

  4. Revolution of 1800 • Jefferson won a close election: defeats Adams 73-65 • Aaron Burr vice president • Why a revolution? • No blood or violence • Major change in the philosophies of the governing party • Also, 1st peaceful exchange of power between 2 rival administrations • 1st President to be inaugurated in Washington D.C. (1801) • After 1801 the Republicans controlled the Presidency, the House of Representatives, and the Senate, but not the federal courts, why?

  5. Jefferson’s Policies: Really a Revolution? • Jefferson didn’t completely get rid of Federalist Policies but he did change a lot of things • What stayed? • Hamilton’s tariffs, and debt repayment policies • Most federalists who worked for the government • The national bank • What got reversed? • Idea of a “permanent debt” to secure the loyalty of the wealthy • Excise Tax on Whiskey • Alien and Sedition Acts • Army pretty much eliminated, navy reduced in size

  6. Jefferson’s 1st Term: 1800-1804 • Largely successful • Barbary Pirates War 1801-1805 • Louisiana Purchase 1803 • France at first tried to colonize it, gave up, sold land to US for $15 million • Lewis and Clark expedition 1803-1805 • Problems with the purchase • Where in the Constitution does it say President or Congress has the power to buy land and add it to the United States? • People in New England not happy, why?

  7. The Courts and Jefferson: Marbury v. Madison and the Aaron Burr Trial • Marbury v. Madison 1803—Judicial Review • Supreme Court Case • Supreme Court could overturn federal laws IF those laws were judged to violate the Constitution • Aaron Burr Trial • Tried to set up his own country in the southwest, arrested charged with treason • Put on trial but found not guilty • Established the precedent of a very strict interpretation/definition of treason

  8. Jefferson’s 2nd Term: 1804-1808 • Jefferson won reelection easily in 1804 • 2nd term dominated by problems with France and Britain • Background: Napoleonic Wars • Problems with US trade in the Atlantic Ocean • Jefferson’s problem: can’t go to war with France and/or Britain, but need to make them stop • Solution: Embargo Act 1807 • All trade between the US and Europe prohibited • Who was this designed to hurt? • Who would be upset with this in the US? • Unsuccessful: hurt the US more than Britain or France • Repealed in 1809 just before Jefferson left office

  9. James Madison and the War of 1812 • James Madison (Jefferson’s Sec. of State, author of Const.) elected President in 1808 • Problems with France/Britain seizing US ships remained • Other problems: • British supplying Indians with money/weapons in Canada • Impressment of US sailors by the British • US settlers in the West wanted to take over British Canada (War Hawks) • French repealed their trade restrictions Britain didn’t* US declared War on Britain in 1812 (1812-1814)

  10. War of 1812: Problems • US not prepared for war • Army/Navy had been slashed by Republicans • Only 6,700 men in the army • Only 16 ocean-going ships in navy • Finances not good, why? • No more excise taxes • Very little revenue from tariffs (embargo act=no trade) • Nobody to lend government money (no National Bank) • Very little US industry—Republicans had stressed farming—made it hard to produce wartime goods • No good roads to transport men/supplies around the country

  11. War of 1812 • Some early successes at Sea—USS Constitution • War went badly for the Americans especially at first • Invasion of Canada a disastrous failure • British blockade prevented US trade with foreign countries • British took over Detroit, Chicago, large parts of the Northwest, and captured and burned Washington DC • Some American successes • Battle of Lake Erie, Battle of Lake Champlain, Battle of Fort McHenry (Baltimore, Star Spangled Banner) • Battle of the Thames (in Canada) Indian leader Tecumseh killed • Battle of New Orleans (1815)—Andrew Jackson defeated the British, saved the city • Treaty of Ghent Christmas Eve 1814—War over “status quo ante bellum”—nothing resolved

  12. Hartford Convention: the end of the Federalist Party • Federalists upset with the war, upset with 16 years of Republican rule • Met in Hartford 1814-1815 came up with a list of Constitutional Amendments that they wanted enacted: • 2/3rds vote in Congress to declare war, or admit new states • Elimination of the 3/5ths clause (slaves wouldn’t count at all) • 1 term maximum for Presidents • No back to back Presidents from the same state • No more trade embargoes • If their demands weren’t met. . . . . secession?? During war time? • Came to Washington with their demands January of 1815 • What two events did they hear about when they got there? • Hartford Convention made the Federalists look like traitors, party lost a lot of support, died out soon thereafter

  13. Significance of the War of 1812 • Increase in American nationalism—”We beat the British again!” • Andrew Jackson became a hero—soon would become President (1828) • Federalist Party on the way out (Hartford Convention) • Republican Party/Madison began to support a lot of Federalist ideas: • A new national bank • A standing army and navy • Tariffs to protect US industries • Federal financing of roads and canals to ease transportation • After the war there was really only 1 political party—the Republicans

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