ITM 734

1. ITM 734 Human Factors in Information Systems Ch. 6: Long Term Memory Fall 2005 Cindy Corritore, Ph.D. Creighton University corritore, 734

2. LTM characteristics • Slow but variable access speed • Permanent (little decay) • Infinite capacity • Retrieval depends on …. • recency, expectations, similarity of information, connectedness, rehearsal, etc. C.L. Corritore

3. Types of LTM • Explicit and implicit • conscious recollection, top-down retrieval from multiple systems with massive integration (E) • unconscious recollection, bottom-up from single system (I) – more automatic C.L. Corritore

4. Types of LTM • Episodic and semantic • self-awareness component, things that happen to you, complex (E) • stuff we know, knowledge about the world, relationships, implicit - dictionary, thesaurus • likely stored the same way C.L. Corritore

5. Types of LTM • Declarative and procedural • knowing that, explicit primarily, relationships, integration of information (D) – knowing things and their relationships • knowing how, mostly implicit, not relational – how to do things C.L. Corritore

6. Memory structures for stories, events … • Schema - framework that includes frames & scripts • become chunks for expanding memory • basis for expectations • What is Bartlett’s Schema Theory? • framework for stories that affects comprehension • told American Indian stories, then recall - • readjusted story elements and themes to fit their model • laundry context (p 215) - calls up proper schema, fill in the blanks, departures from normal • Helps make it easier to recall, group information • Experts have great, robust schema • Theory to explain why recall unusual/unique things better? C.L. Corritore

7. Everyday memory • little studied • appears to have a lot of variability • eyewitness memory • flashbulb memory C.L. Corritore

8. Eye-witness memory • Effects • post-event memory - questioning right after the fact can distort (retroactive interference) • verbal overshadowing - talking about it right after happens over-writes visual memory • memory in the world sketchy (Normal) • weapon focus • confirmation bias - affected by what you expect C.L. Corritore

9. Flash bulb memory • what were you doing when heard about 911 disaster? • Why is this theory felt to be inaccurate? • not consistently or regularly found • Richness ….. C.L. Corritore

10. Ericsson and Kintsch LT-WM • postulate using LTM as sort of working memory (STM) in areas of expertise • able to use LTM for reliable storage and build fast retrieval cues for fast recall • use it like an extension of STM • must be able to store into LTM very quickly (learned skill for a narrow domain) • must be well-known so expert can anticipate degree to which item will need to be recalled • selective storage • associate info with retrieval cue (part of a retrieval structure) • so can go straight to the item • STM only has to hold one node of the structure C.L. Corritore

11. LTM processes • Storage • rehearsal • Retrieval • Forgetting • Recognition vs recall • Frequency and recency effects C.L. Corritore

12. Storage- Rehearsal • Memorization involves storing the information and one or more access paths • Good memories are rich semantic networks with many (unique) access paths • Learning is aided by meaningfulness, structure, familiarity and concreteness • Active memorizing requires effort, motivation • Passive memorizing - unpredictable, often episodic, context sensitive • Similar items interfere if they are not separated during memorizing - learning transfer effects - old interfere with new; new overwrite old C.L. Corritore

13. Facilitating Memorization • Structure information to help chunking - use categories, ordering, associations • Encourage reasoning during memorizing - active memory • Help access by multiple pathways - memorizing tricks e.g. keywords, cognitive aids, mnemonics, link to image memory (rooms) • Make associations clear and keep them consistent C.L. Corritore

14. Facilitating Memorization • Make separate and recognizable contexts for recall - important for script / skill memory • Increase depth of encoding • Richness • Visualization • Uniqueness • Interaction Old chinese proverb: • Recognition C.L. Corritore

15. Visualization & memory example improve your memory exercise – memory pegs 1 bun 6 sticks 2 shoe 7 heaven 3 tree 8 gate 4 door 9 wine 5 hive 10 hen Dix et al. C.L. Corritore

16. Facilitating Memorization: Mnemonics • cognitive mnemonics • ABC’s with tune • on old olympus mountain tops a finn and german viewed some hops (12 crainial nerves: OOOMTAFAGVSH) • seems to be more to remember? C.L. Corritore

17. Facilitating Memorization: Mnemonics • check out: http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov/cognition/tutorials/index.html • mnemonic for Norman principles: visibility, feedback, cognitive model, affordance, mapping My fat cat ate veggies C.L. Corritore

18. Retrieval - Theories of forgetting • repression (Freud) - bad experience • interference (proactive or retroactive) • previous learning/memories interrupt • espc if similar stimuli – belong to same category • eye-witness and post-incident questioning • doesn’t explain how it works • cue-dependant • forget because info not there anymore or *can’t access it • encoding specificity principle (cue-dependant) • retrieval a func. of overlap between information present at retrieval and info stored in memory • includes contextual info • Recognition dependant on internal cues only (not external context) C.L. Corritore

19. Recall vs. recognition • Knowledge in the World Theory is GUI’s - Alan Kay developed in 1960’s • Steve Jobs in late 1970’s from Xerox Parc • keep knowledge in world to supplement head knowledge • recall vs. recognition • remember just enough detail to get by • exceptions rather then norms • experts not expert in knowledge in the head as much as expert in how to locate needed knowledge in the world C.L. Corritore

20. Design implications • Reduce cognitive load!!! • Type of user • novice, expert, intermittent user C.L. Corritore

21. Design implications • Mental models natural extensions of schema - support schemas • metaphors - desktop/office • match system information structure with familiar memory structures so user can use their schema C.L. Corritore

22. Design implications • Design interfaces that help users ‘grow’ good mental models • meaningful and familiar command names (eg. from task world) • balance this with existing conceptual models of item names (ie. cut, copy) • Incorporate closure (finish) on tasks • helps build mental model • helps identify chunks for memory when become an expert • Consistency - to build mental model; don’t have to remember as much C.L. Corritore

23. Design implications • Rich encoding - • multimedia • interaction • context? • May just be to ‘remember your site’ • http://www.pulse3d.com/pulse/ • http://www.jordans.com/roomplanner.asp C.L. Corritore

24. Design implications • Focus on recognition rather than recall • interface contains prompts/information • studies on computer experts found they don’t have better recall, but high recognition of what is and isn’t available on interface and where to find it (maps) • GUI’s combination of recognition (menu’s) and recall (quick keys) C.L. Corritore

25. Design implications • Place the burden of remembering on the machine, not the human • Don’t require user memory (eg. between screens) • Don’t have computer ask for info it can derive C.L. Corritore

26. Design implications • Design minor messages, alerts, warning to be minimally disruptive • prevent user from forgetting data stored in short term memory C.L. Corritore

27. readings • Lagerkvist – Mnemonic interfaces • brain map • Fass et al – Messy Desk C.L. Corritore

28. readings • Attention and memory (last week) • Horvitz et al – Models of Attention • Brudisch et al – Considering Attention • Shell et al – ECSGlasses and Pliances • Vertegaal et al – Attentive Cell Phones • Lewis et al – VisualID’s • Oulasvirta C.L. Corritore

29. Evaluate these • http://happydeluxe.com/ • http://www.google.com vs http://www.yahoo.com • http://www.northcantonmedical.org/ • http://www.enchantedharp.com/ C.L. Corritore