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Geriatric Incontinence and Voiding Dysfunction

Geriatric Incontinence and Voiding Dysfunction. اپیدمیولوژی و عوامل خطر اختلالات اورولوژی در سالمندان ارزیابی و تشخیص اختلالات اورولوژی در سالمندان. Urinary incontinence is a major problem for the elderly: It afflicts 15% to 30% of older people living at home ,

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Geriatric Incontinence and Voiding Dysfunction

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  1. Geriatric Incontinence andVoiding Dysfunction

  2. اپیدمیولوژی و عوامل خطر اختلالات اورولوژی در سالمندان ارزیابی و تشخیص اختلالات اورولوژی در سالمندان

  3. Urinary incontinence is a major problem for the elderly: • It afflicts 15% to 30% of older people living at home, • one third of those in acutecare settings, • and halfof those in nursing homes • UI is twice as common in women as in men

  4. Risk factors in women • Pregnancy and vaginal delivery are significant risk factors, but become less important with age. • Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor in most studies • pelvic organ prolapse (POP)

  5. Risk factors in men • increasing age, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), infections, functional and cognitive impairment, neurological disorders and prostatectomy.

  6. perinealrashes, pressure ulcers, UTI, urosepsis, falls, and fractures • embarrassment, stigmatization, isolation, depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunction,

  7. cost more than $26 billion to manage incontinence in America’s elderly in 1995

  8. THE IMPACT OF AGEON INCONTINENCE • However, it appears that although bladder capacity does notchange with age, bladder sensation, contractility, and the ability to postpone voiding decline in both sexes, • while urethral length and maximum closure pressure, as well as striated muscle cells in the rhabdosphincterand urogenital diaphragm, probably decline withagein women

  9. Venous insufficiency, • renal disease, • heart failure, • or BPH

  10. طبقه بندی بی اختیاری ادرار بر اساس زمان استمرار مشکل: الف- بی اختیاری ادرار گذرا: چنانچه سالمند داراي حداقل يك نشانه به صورت غير دايمي و گاهي اوقات از روز است در طبقه « در معرض مشکل» بي اختياري ادرار گذرا قرار مي گيرد. ب- بی اختیاری ادراری دایمی: چنانچه سالمند داراي حداقل يك نشانه به صورت هميشگي يا اكثر اوقات در روز است، در طبقه «مشكل» بي اختياري ادراري دايمي قرار مي گيرد.

  11. CAUSES OF TRANSIENTINCONTINENCE: “DIAPERS” • Delirium/ confusionalstate • Infection—Urinary • Atrophic urethritis/ vaginitis • Pharmaceuticals • Excess urine output • Restricted mobility • Stool impaction

  12. Commonly Used Medications That May Affect Continence • Sedatives/hypnotics • Alcohol • Anticholinergics • Narcotic analgesics(opiates) retention, fecal impaction • α-Adrenergic antagonists & agonists: SUI in women

  13. Calcium channel blockers: fluid retention • Potent diuretics • NSAIDs: Nocturnal diuresis due to fluid retention • Parkinson agents (some) • ACE inhibitors: cough can precipitate SUI in women and in some men with prior prostatectomy

  14. جدول داروهاي به وجود آورنده يا تشديد كننده بي اختياري ادراري

  15. Excess urine output • excessive fluid intake; • Diuretics • metabolic abnormalities (e.g., hyperglycemia and hypercalcemia); • fluid overload: CHF, peripheral venous insufficiency, hypoALB • drug-induced peripheral edema: NSAIDs, Ca channel blockers • amantadine(for Parkinson disease and influenza), • and β blockers.

  16. Restricted mobility • arthritis, hip deformity, • postural or postprandial hypotension, • claudication, spinal stenosis, • heart failure, • poor eyesight, fear of falling, • stroke, foot problems, • drug induceddisequilibrium or confusion, or being restrained in a bed or chair

  17. stool impaction • urge or overflow incontinence and typically have associated fecal incontinence as well.

  18. History • “urge” • Urinary frequency (greater than seven diurnal voids) • Nocturia: 3general reasons: excessive urine output, sleep-related difficulties, and urinary tract dysfunction

  19. Stress Urinary Incontinence • Urge Urinary Incontinence / OAB • Overflow Urinary Incontinence • True Urinary Incontinence

  20. توصيه هايي براي Stress Incontinence • هر دو ساعت براي ادرار كردن به توالت برود. • در طول روز 6 تا 8 ليوان مايعات بنوشد. • بعد از ساعت 8 شب از نوشيدن مايعات خودداري كند. • لباس هاي آزاد و راحت بپوشد. • عضلات كف لگن را تقويت كند. • مثانه را تقويت كند. • اگر فرد چاق است، وزن خود را کاهش دهد. • در حین سرفه و یا عطسه عضلات کف لگن را منقبض کند.

  21. توصيه هايي برايUrge Incontinence • براي داشتن آرامش تمرين كند. (تمرينات آرام سازي بخش بيماري هاي قلبي و عروقي) • از ورزش هاي سخت اجتناب كند. • قهوه، نوشابه هاي گازدار، غذاهاي پرادويه ميل نكند. • از بروز یبوست پیشگیری کند.

  22. توصيه هايي برايOverflow Incontinence در اين حالت سالمند، علائم انسدادی و احساس باقی ماندن ادرار دارد. شب ها معمولاً براي ادرار كردن از خواب بيدار مي شود، جریان ادرار ضعیف است يا حين ادرار كردن قطع و دوباره وصل مي شود و سالمند نیاز به زور زدن برای ادرار کردن دارد، اين حالت بيشتر در مردها ديده مي شود. • در طول روز 6 تا 8 ليوان مايعات بنوشد. • بعد از ساعت 8 شب از نوشيدن مايعات خودداري كند (تقریبا سه ساعت قبل از خواب) . • در زمان ادرار كردن عضلات شكم را سفت كند. سپس به آرامي با دست زير شكم را به سمت پايين فشار دهد. اين فشار به مثانه منتقل شده و به تخليه ادرار كمك مي كند.

  23. ESTABLISHED INCONTINENCELower Urinary Tract Causes • Detrusoroveractivity (DO) is the most common type of lower urinary tract dysfunction in incontinent elderly of either sex

  24. one in which contractile function is preserved and one in which it is impaired: • The latter condition is termed detrusor hyperactivity with impaired contractility (DHIC) and is likely the most common form of DO in the elderly

  25. SUI is the second most common cause of incontinence in older women. • In men, SUI is usually due to sphincter damage following radical prostatectomy

  26. Incontinence in the setting of outlet obstruction is the secondmost common cause of incontinence • it generally presents as urge incontinence owing to the associated DO;

  27. Detrusorunderactivityis usually idiopathic • When it causes incontinence, detrusorunderactivityis associated with overflow incontinence

  28. Causes Unrelated to the Lower Urinary Tract(“Functional” Incontinence) • attributed to deficits of cognition and mobility. • may still have obstruction or stress incontinence and benefit from targeted therapy

  29. DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHEvaluation • The evaluation should identify transient and established causes of incontinence, • assess the patient’s environment and available support, • and detect uncommon but serious conditions that may underlie incontinence

  30. Voiding Diary • 48 to 72 hours • the diary recordsthe time of each void and incontinent episode • functional bladder capacity

  31. Targeted Physical Examination • neurologic diseases • atrophic vaginitis • general medical illnesses

  32. Stress Testing and PVR Measurement • The cough or strain • PVR

  33. Laboratory Investigation • BUN, creatinine, U/A, U/C and PVR should be checked in all older patients. • Serumsodium, calcium, and glucose should be measured in patients with confusion

  34. The first step is to identify individuals with overflow inc (e.g., PVR > 450 mL) • Because obstructionand underactive detrusorcannot be differentiated clinically • The next step is to search for hydronephrosis in men whose PVR exceeds 200 mL and to decompress those in whom it is found

  35. Urodynamic Testing • When diagnostic uncertainty may affect therapy and when empiric therapy has failed and other approaches would be tried.

  36. راه هاي تقويت عضلات كف لگن تمرين اول : هر بار كه براي ادرار كردن به توالت مي رود، چندين بار به طور ارادي، دفع ادرار را شروع و قطع كند. تمرين دوم : ناحية مقعد را سفت كند، مانند حالتي كه مي خواهد مانع دفع مدفوع شود و اين حالت را براي مدت 5 ثانيه حفظ نموده و بعد رها كند. در طول انقباض، نفس خود را حبس نكند. اين كار را چندين بار در طول روز انجام دهد. تكرار تمرين بايد در حدي باشد كه خسته نشود. اين تمرين را می تواند در حالت ايستاده، نشسته و يا خوابيده انجام دهد.

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