The Bare Bones of Human Anatomy

1. The Bare Bones ofHuman Anatomy Sport Books Publisher

2. The function of the skeletal system is: • To provide the supporting framework • To protect the body organs • Bone is a living tissue complete with blood supply and nerves Sport Books Publisher

3. Bone Sport Books Publisher

4. Bone Shape • The shapes of the bones allow them to perform specific functions more effectively Sport Books Publisher

5. Short Bones: • Include bones of ankle (i.e. tarsals) and wrist (i.e. carpals) –Serve as good shock absorbers Carpals Tarsals Sport Books Publisher

6. Femur Humerus • Long bones: • Include femur of the thigh, humerus of the upper arm, and others • Any bone whose length greatly exceeds its diameter • Provide levers for movement Sport Books Publisher

7. Clavicle Scapula Bones of the skull Sternum Ribs • Flat bones: • Include bones of the skull, scapula, ribs, sternum, and clavicle • Largely protect underlying organs Sport Books Publisher

8. Vertebrae Facial bones • Irregular Bones: • Include bones of your face and vertebrae • Bones that cannot be placed in other groups • Fulfil special functions Sport Books Publisher

9. Patella Femur tendon • Sesamoid bones: • Include patella • Oval, like a pea and found in tendons Sport Books Publisher

10. Bone Composition Cortical Bone • Bone is very strong for its relatively light weight • The major components of bone are: • Calcium carbonate • Calcium phosphate • Collagen • Water Spongy Bone Medullary (marrow) cavity Sport Books Publisher

11. Bone Composition Cont’d • Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate: • Make up 60-70% of bone weight • Provide much of the bone’s stiffness and resistance to pressing or squeezing forces • Collagen (a protein): • Gives bone its characteristic flexibility and contributes to its ability to resist pulling and stretching forces • With aging, collagen is lost progressively and bone becomes more brittle. • Water • Bone consists of much smaller proportion of water than other body parts Sport Books Publisher

12. Bone Classification • According to the degree of porosity, bone can be classified into two general categories: • Cortical bone (low porosity) • Spongy or cancellous bone (high porosity) Sport Books Publisher

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18. Effect of Fitness on Bone • When bones are subjected to regular physical activity and habitual loads, they tend to become denser and more mineralized • e.g. Right forearm of the right-handed tennis player is more dense than her left one from using it more frequently • Inactivity works in the opposite direction, leading to a decrease in weight and strength. • e.g. Loss of bone mass has been noted in bed-ridden patients, inactive senior citizens, and astronauts Sport Books Publisher