Chapter 10

1. Chapter 10 World Landform Patterns

2. Identifying Landform Patterns Earth is made of natural landforms Landform is a physical feature with a unique shape and height Relief map is a map that uses different colours to show the different heights of land.

3. Plains and Lowlands Plains are flat to rolling regions found at low places in the land. They are normally found over wide areas of every continent Lowlands are a special type of plains and are located along coastlines. They are created by rivers carrying small clumps of sand, gravel and clay down from the mountains. There is a lowland plain along the Hudson Bay

4. Landform Patterns: Mountain Ranges • The highest mountains are found in four long chains. • One is from the tip of Antarctica to the west side of North America. • A second one is from the Asian side of the Pacific Ocean into Australia. • A third one is from Asia and continues into Europe • The last one crosses Africa from the north to south.

5. Fold Mountains Groups of mountains are called ranges. Mountain ranges in Western Canada are part of a pacific chain that runs the length of North and South America. They didn’t form at once. They have been rising up for 100 million years. Fold Mountains are formed when two plates of the Earth’s surface move together and force the layers of rock to bend/fold upwards. Erosion happens when the weather grinds down the rock and this usually takes ever longer than the folding of the plates.

6. Volcanic Landforms: Shield Regions The seven continents are built around landforms called shields. The Canadian Shield covers about half the area of Canada. Parts of the Canadian Shield are over 2 billion years old.

7. Active Volcano Patterns Volcanic eruptions are often short and can create of change the surrounding landforms. There is molten rock under the Earth’s crust that can force through cracks in the crust. In the middle of the Atlantic Ocean there is a long chain of volcanic mountains called a mid-ocean ridge. The edges of the Pacific ocean have so many volcanoes that is has the nickname of the “Pacific Ring Of Fire.”

8. The Montserrat Volcano Tiny island in the Caribbean Sea Soufriere Hills has been dormant for almost 400 years First ash cloud in 1995 Molten rock pushed into the crater at the top of the volcano Villages , harbour, and airports are destroyed from the avalanches of rock and boiling mud coming down from the side of the mountain. Tonnes of sulphurous gases escape from the mountain