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Michael T. Wheeler Syracuse University, Geography

Notes 12/02 Class 12: Whither Geography? (The End of the Nation State?) GEO105: World Regional Geography. Michael T. Wheeler Syracuse University, Geography. World War II Losses. World-wide losses, 61m people! Soviet Union, 25m China, 11m Jews, 6m More civilians than soldiers

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Michael T. Wheeler Syracuse University, Geography

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  1. Notes 12/02Class 12: Whither Geography?(The End of the Nation State?)GEO105: World Regional Geography Michael T. Wheeler Syracuse University, Geography

  2. World War II Losses • World-wide losses, 61m people! • Soviet Union, 25m • China, 11m • Jews, 6m • More civilians than soldiers • Destruction of property and structures • Most of coastal China, Russia, Japan destroyed • Germany leveled • The rest of Europe, mixed • France, mostly escaped. Belgium destroyed. • United States • Relatively no damage • 400,000 soldiers (few civilians) • ¾ of world’s gold supply • ½ of world’s manufacturing capacity Lecture slide 02

  3. Collapse of Empires • Economy • Post-War European Collapse • War aims – fight tyranny and oppression • Leaders • Mohandas Gandhi (India) • Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam) • Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) • Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) • Great Britain • Labor government • Left India (rather quickly) in 1947 • Tried to prepare Ghana (1957) and Nigeria (1960) for independence • Others • Dutch forced out of SE Asia (Indonesia) in 1949 • Belgium forced out of Congo (1960) • France forced out of Vietnam (1954) and Algeria (1962) Lecture slide 03

  4. Collapse of Empires Lecture slide 04

  5. Lecture slide 05 Continuing Nationalist / Ethnic Conflicts 2.22 Nationalist conflict around the globe (p. 56)

  6. Lecture slide 06 Cold War Exacerbated Tensions 6.22 Conflict and intervention in Africa (p. 258) [Unfinished map?]

  7. Cold War • 1st World • United States and Canada (NATO) • Western Europe • Japan, Taiwan, Philippines • Israel • 2nd World • Soviet Union • Eastern Europe • China, [Yugoslavia?, Albania?] • Arab Middle East • 3rd World • Most of Africa, India, Southeast Asia, (South America?) Lecture slide 07

  8. Non-Aligned Movement • Five Pillars • Respect for territorial integrity • Mutual non-aggression • Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs • Equality and mutual benefit • Peaceful co-existence • Leaders, 1950s-60s • Jawaharlal Nehru (India) • Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt) • Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia) • Sukarno (Indonesia) • Today’s Non-Aligned Movement • 116 nations, mostly developing nations Lecture slide 08

  9. ‘Stages’ of Development Lecture slide 09 2.35 [Rostow’s] Stages of economic development (p. 70)

  10. Asian Economic Model • Countries • Japan • Four Tigers • South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore • Southeast Asia • Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia • China (since 1979) • India • Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Outsourcing, much-lower tariffs • Policies • Openness to foreign capital • Export-driven growth (serve western consumers) • Liberal trade regimes (low tariffs) Lecture slide 10

  11. Lecture slide 11 World Economy, 1998

  12. Future Economic Growth 1st Edition: 13.8 Forecasts of regional economic growth through 2010 Lecture slide 12

  13. Debt Crisis (Crises?) Lecture slide 13 13.10 The debt crisis (p. 588)

  14. Spaces of Trade? • Global or regional trade • General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) Lecture slide 14

  15. Uruguay Round and the WTO • Uruguay Round • 1986-94, 123 countries • Tariffs • Non-tariff concerns • Services, Intellectual Property, Textiles, Agriculture • Creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) • 1999: China enters WTO • United States Economy, 1992 • $500 billion from NAFTA and especially the Uruguay Round • Doha Round, 2001-present • So far, failed on account of agriculture • Developed countries heavily protect their farmers Lecture slide 15

  16. Regional Trade Associations Lecture slide 16 2.39 Transnational economic integration, 1945-present (p. 75)

  17. Break Lecture slide 17 1.16 World population density (p. 21)

  18. Is the World becoming Increasing ‘Global’ • Globalization debates (pp. 584-5) • Hyperglobalists • The end of the nation state, and the denationalization of economies • Governments become meaningless – facilitate trade • Skeptics • Contemporary level of integration is nothing new • 19th Century was more integrated • Transformationalists • Global forces change the local • We don’t know how things will turn out Lecture slide 18

  19. Hyperglobalists:The ‘Shrinking World’ Lecture slide 19 2.37 Shrinking world (p. 73)

  20. Factors of Globalization (pp. 71-2) • New International Division of Labor • Comparative advantage leads countries to specialize in their most productive sector – more efficient global economy • Internationalization of Finance • World-wide securities trading • New Technology System • Air travel, telecommunications, Internet • Homogenization of international consumer markets • U.S.: Coca Cola, McDonalds, Nike, Hollywood • Europe: Mercedes Benz, Nestlé, Fendi • Japan: Sony, Panasonic, Toyota, Nissan, Honda • Proliferation of the transnational corporation • Oil, automobiles, McDonalds Lecture slide 20

  21. Global Financial Trading Lecture slide 21 2.36 24 hour trading, major financial markets (p. 72)

  22. Skeptics:More Integration in the 19th Century Lecture slide 22 13.6: International capital flows among the core economies, 1870-1995 (p. 586)

  23. Transformationalists:Economic Inequality (within country) Lecture slide 23 13.8: Inequality in the world-system (p. 587)

  24. ‘Sustainable Development’ (pp. 595-598) • Question: Can the whole world enjoy the standards of living of the developed countries? • Resource limitations • Primarily oil and water • Over-population? • Environmental pollution • Deforestation of the rain forests – loss of biodiversity • Pollution of air, water, soil • Food production? • Ozone depletion • Acid rain Lecture slide 24

  25. Trends in Energy Consumption Lecture slide 25 13.18 Trends in energy consumption (p. 595)

  26. Population Trends Lecture slide 26 13.3 Population geography of the future (p. 582)

  27. Global Warming Lecture slide 27 2.13 Detected changes in climate (p. 46) • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) • http://www.ipcc.ch/

  28. Climate Change Causes Lecture slide 28 2.12 Major causes of climate changes (p. 46)

  29. Earth Surface Temperatures Lecture slide 29

  30. Global Annual Temperatures Lecture slide 30

  31. Sea Level Rise Lecture slide 31

  32. Extreme Weather Costs Lecture slide 32

  33. Lecture slide 33 Review • Global economic system • 1492-1800: Mercantile colonialism • 1860-1914: Industrial Imperialism • 1945-present: Nation States • 191 members of the United Nations (U.N.) • The Triumph of the Nation State? • The problems of the developing world • Huge populations, only going to get much, much larger • Economic development • Security, stable governments, access to water, AIDS • Lessening of sovereignty • Global trade • Do national boundaries still matter? • Security threats • In the wake of 9/11, can countries (e.g. U.S.) preemptively invade other sovereign states? • Pollution • Air, water, and ozone all cross national boundaries – they require international solutions

  34. Lecture slide 34 Next Week • Student Presentations • Review for the Final • Course Evaluations

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