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Quiz. Question: In what way are fixed-ratio (FR) and variable-ratio (VR) reinforcement schedules: similar? different?. Quiz. Answer: similar: based on number of responses different: fixed: number fixed variable: number varies. Have I witnessed a hurricane?.

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Quiz

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  1. Quiz • Question: In what way are fixed-ratio (FR) and variable-ratio (VR) reinforcement schedules: • similar? • different?

  2. Quiz • Answer: similar: based on number of responses • different: fixed: number fixed • variable: number varies

  3. Have I witnessed a hurricane? • Answer: Heck yeah! X

  4. Reinforcement • Definition • A stimulus change • contingent on some aspect of a response that • increases the future probability of the response

  5. Distinguishing Characteristics of Reinforcement • Type • Social • Edible • Tangible • Reinforcement history • Primary (unconditioned) reinforcer: Reinforcer whose effects are not dependent upon prior learning • Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer: Reinforcer whose effects are acquired through pairing with other reinforcers

  6. Determinants of Reinforcement Effects • 1. Reinforcer Parameters • Immediacy • Contingency • Magnitude • Quality

  7. Determinants of Reinforcement Effects • 2. The Establishing Operation (EO) • Antecedent event that: • Alters the effectiveness of a given reinforcer, and • Increases the likelihood of behavior that has produced that form of reinforcement in the past • Types of EOs • Deprivation: Typical EO for behavior maintained by Sr+ • Aversive stimulation: Typical EO for behavior maintained by Sr-

  8. Schedules of Reinforcement • Schedules of reinforcement determine the frequency and distribution of behavior in time • Definition: A formula (or rule) describing the probability that a given R will produce reinforcement; or, a formula describing the proportion of Rs that will be reinforced • Schedules are based on a continuum of probability values • Contingency Schedule Probability of Sr Every R Sr Continuous Sr (CRF) p =1.0 No Rs  Sr Extinction (EXT) p = 0 Some Rs  Sr Intermittent Sr (INT) 0 < p < 1.0

  9. Advantages of Intermittent Reinforcement • Prevents satiation: INT Sr maintains state of deprivation (EO) • Resistance to EXT?: INT Sr is less predictable than CRF; therefore; change to EXT more difficult to discriminate • Can produce high rates of R (more Rs required for Sr) • Naturalistic: Most schedules in natural environment are INT • Cost effective: Easier for agent to administer

  10. Basic Schedule Parameters • Response requirement: • Ratio: Sr based on number of Rs • Interval: Sr based on time elapsed since last reinforced R • Regularity: • Fixed: Requirement constant between Sr deliveries • Variable: Requirement changes from one Sr delivery to another

  11. Basic Schedules of Reinforcement • Ratio Interval • (# of Rs) (Time since last reinforced R) • Fixed • (Requirement • for Sr constant) • Variable • (Requirement • for Sr changes) Fixed Interval (FI) (Sr delivered for 1st R after fixed amt of time since last reinforced R) Fixed Ratio (FR) (Sr delivered following fixed # of Rs) Variable Interval (VI) (Sr delivered for 1st R after variable amt of time since last reinforced R) Variable Ratio (VR) (Sr delivered following # of Rs that varies around an average value)

  12. Schedule Effects on Behavior • Ratio Interval • (High R rate) (Moderate R rate) • Fixed • (Irregular • R rate) • Variable • (Stable R rate) Fixed Ratio (FR) High, irregular rate (PRP, break & run) Fixed Interval (FI) Moderate irregular rate (FI scallop) Variable Interval (VI) Moderate stable rate Variable Ratio (VR) High stable rate Real life examples?

  13. Response Patterns Generated by Basic Schedules Sr+ Break & Run PRP

  14. Response Patterns Generated by Basic Schedules

  15. Response Patterns Generated by Basic Schedules FI Scallop Sr+

  16. Response Patterns Generated by Basic Schedules

  17. Guess the Schedule!

  18. How hard is graduate school? • Answer: pretty darn hard • Answer: but it also depends

  19. Quiz #2 • Question:

  20. Activity: 9/12 • Preference Assessment Methods: to identify potential reinforcers • Indirect: checklists (RAISD, RAQ) • Descriptive: Premack • Experimental: Paired-stimulus Preference Assessment (Fisher et al. 1992) • Reinforcer Assessment: to validate reinforcement effects • Practice various schedules

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