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Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) The Modal Model of Memory

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) The Modal Model of Memory. The modal model because of the huge influence it has had on memory research. MEMORY STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES IN THE “MODAL MODEL” (Atkinson & Shiffrin , 1968). Structure Sensory Short-term Long-term Processes

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Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) The Modal Model of Memory

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  1. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) The Modal Model of Memory The modal model because of the huge influence it has had on memory research.

  2. MEMORY STRUCTURES AND PROCESSES INTHE “MODAL MODEL”(Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) Structure • Sensory • Short-term • Long-term Processes • Encoding: activities taking place during presentation of information (study phase) • Storage: activities taking place during the study-test interval • Retrieval: activities taking place when stored information is utilized (test phase) • Failure to retrieve – forgetting

  3. Sensory Memory • Purpose • Passively registers input & briefly retains stimulus trace after stimulus vanishes • Functions • Helps us retain info that doesn’t last long • Aids perception by allowing you to continue processing after the stimulus is gone • Keeps accurate record of stimulation so most important can be processed further

  4. STM LTM CHARACTERISTICS OF SHORT- AND LONG-TERM MEMORY(according to the “modal model” of Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) • DURATION< 30 sec lifetime • CAPACITY ~7 chunks unlimited • MAIN CODE acoustic- semantic articulatory • RETRIEVAL serial parallel • FORGETTING decay, interference displacement

  5. STM Capacityof STM • Memory span • the number of items that can be correctly recalled in order (e.g., digit span test). • Miller (1956) “The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two” Limit of 7 + 2 chunks in STM • Chunk: unit of info organized according to a rule or some familiar pattern • Chunk: collection of elements that are strongly associated.

  6. Capacity:STM CAPACITY AND LTM CODES Task: immediate serial recall (“memory span”) • B V S M T A U I vs. T V U S A I B M • 1 4 9 2 1 7 7 6 1 9 4 5 1 9 6 3 . . . • F B IJ F KF D RL B J • Capacity of STM: "about seven chunks”

  7. Demo

  8. Serial-position curve

  9. Serial Position Curve Support for A & S model • Two serial position effects • Primacy Effect • Better recall for words at beginning of list • Recalled from LTM • Recency Effect • Better recall for words at end of list • Recalled from STM

  10. Serial Position Curve Support for A & S model • Effect on serial position curve • Speeding up presentation rate? • Eliminate primacy effect • Delaying the start of recall with an interfering task? • Eliminate recency effect

  11. STM CAPACITY AND THE RECENCY EFFECT Primacy effect: better recall of first few words Recency effect: better recall of last few words Glanzer & Cunitz (1966): delay between study and test eliminates recency effect: Task: free recall of word lists

  12. STM CAPACITY AND REHEARSAL TIME • Which list is faster to read aloud? • Which list is harder to recall?

  13. STM CAPACITY AND REHEARSAL TIMEBaddeleyet al., 1975 Number of syllabes Reading Rate 1 mumps 2.2 words/sec 2 measles2.0 “ 3 leprosy 1.7 “ 4 diphteria 1.5 “ 5 tuberculosis1.3 “ The word length effect Task: immediate serial recall of 6-item lists

  14. DOMINANT CODES IN STM AND LTMBaddeley, 1966 Acoustically similar lists: mad, plan, nap, bag…. Semantically similar lists: big, large, huge, great… Control lists: pen, day, wish, bill…. % words in correct TYPE OF SERIAL position RECALL TASK: A S C STM: 5 words, one trial, no delay __% __% 76% LTM: 10 words, four trials, delay __% __% 72% .09 .64 .70 .53

  15. RETRIEVAL FROM STM(Sternberg, 1966) • Varied set of digits held in STM • E.g., memory set size of four: 2, 5, 8, 1 • Task: is it in the set? • 2 yes • 7 no Retrieval for STM: parallel or serial?

  16. STM Duration/ ForgettingBrown-Peterson Task • Conclusions: • STM duration: • most info was gone after about 18 seconds. • Why do we forget? • Strong support for decay? Lachman, Lachman, & Butterfield (1979)

  17. But…Keppel & Underwood (1962) • Replicated the Peterson & Peterson Task. • But, they also analyzed their data by trial number. • 1st trial is 1st word presented to participants • Conclusion: • Forgetting almost does not occur at the first trial, • But more forgetting with each succeeding trial. • Why? Adapted from Keppel & Underwood (1962)

  18. PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE IN STM(Keppel & Underwood, 1962) • Things learned prior to study can proactively interfere with memory STUDY phase. • Things learned between study and test can retroactively interfere with memory TEST phase.

  19. Forgetting:It’s not only decay… • Proactive Interference (PI) also occurs. • Proactive interference refers to forgetting that occurs due to prior learning.

  20. Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) The Modal Model of Memory Current status • Sensory memory is part of perception, rather than memory • Short-term memory is more flexible than just a passive storehouse • working memory • Parallel processing

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