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Introduction to Nervous System Organization - CNS, PNS, Neuroglia, Neurons, Synapses, and Brain Coverings

Learn about the anatomical divisions of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Explore the functions of the nervous system, types of neurons, membrane potential, action potential, synapses, and neurotransmitters. Understand the role of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid in protecting the brain. Discover the different regions of the brain and their functions. Gain knowledge about common brain injuries, cerebrovascular accidents, and degenerative brain diseases.

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Introduction to Nervous System Organization - CNS, PNS, Neuroglia, Neurons, Synapses, and Brain Coverings

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  1. NS & Brain Ch 11

  2. Organization of the Nervous System

  3. Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) • brain • spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • cranial nerves • spinal nerves

  4. CNS PNS

  5. Function of the Nervous System sensory input motor input sensory receptor effector integration

  6. Neuroglia

  7. Typical Neuron dendrite cell body Myelin sheath Synapse axon

  8. Types of Neurons bipolar eye, ear, & olfactory unipolar Dorsal root ganglion cells multipolar most abundant type in CNS

  9. Neuron Membrane Outside cell Na+ -70mV K+ Inside cell

  10. Resting Potential of an Axon

  11. Depolarization of the Axon Membrane

  12. Action Potential

  13. Propagation of an Action Potential

  14. Propagation of an Action Potential

  15. Refractory Period

  16. Saltatory Conduction

  17. Synapses Ca2+ Presynaptic neuron Postsynaptic membrane Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters

  18. Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine- slows heart rate; PNS • Glutamate- most prevalent neurotransmitter in the brain • Aspartate- in CNS • GABA- inhibitory neurotransmitter • Glycine- inhibitory neurotransmitter • Norepinephrine- awakening from deep sleep • Epinephrine- increase heart rate • Dopamine- movement of skeletal muscles • Seratonin- sensory perception, temp regulation, mood, sleep • Nitric oxide- may play a role in memory and learning • Enkephalin- inhibit pain impulses by suppressing release of substance P • Substance P- enhances perception of pain tyrosine

  19. Lolo po'o

  20. skin skull dura mater arachnoid layer pia mater cerebral cortex Coverings of the Brain-Meninges

  21. Menenges: • Covers and protects CNS • Protects blood vessels and encloses venus sinuses • Contains CSF • Forms partition within the skull

  22. Cerebruspinal Fluid Brain Ventricles CSF Spinal Cord Lf. Ventricle Rt. Ventricle Saggital View Anterior View

  23. CSF • 150 ml in adult • contains: glucose, proteins,lactic acid, urea, cations, anions, WBC • Functions: • Reduces wt. of brain by 97% • Prevents head injury • Supplies brain with nutrition • Transports hormones along ventricular channels

  24. Cerebrum Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe Temporal Lobe Occipital Lobe

  25. cerebrum corpus callosum thalamus hypothalamus pituitary pons medulla oblongata spinal cord Pineal gland mid brain cerebellum

  26. Cerebrum • Involved with higher brain functions. • Processes sensory information. • Initiates motor functions. • Integrates information.

  27. Motor, Sensory & Association Cortex Primary motor cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Premotor cortex Wernicke’s Area speech Frontal association area speech taste reading hearing smell vision Broca’s Area Primary Auditory cortex Primary visual cortex

  28. Max Fig. 49-17 Seeing words Hearing words Min Speaking words Generating words

  29. Primary Sensory Cortex

  30. Primary Motor Cortex

  31. Right-Left Specialization of the Cerebrum left side • language development • mathematical & learning capabilities • sequential thought processes right side • visual spatial skills • musical and artistic activities • intuitive abilities

  32. The Limbic System The Limbic System

  33. Thalamus • Relay center for sensory tracts from the spinal cord to the cerebrum. • Contains centers for sensation of pain, temperature, and touch. • Involved with emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms.

  34. Hypothalamus Regulates: • autonomic control center- blood pressure, rate and force of heart contraction, center for emotional response and behavior • body temperature • water balance and thirst • sleep/wake cycles • appetite • sexual arousal • control of endocrine functioning: • Acts on the pituitary gland through the release of neurosecretions.

  35. Midbrain • Contains ascending and descending tracts to the cerebrum and thalamus. • Reflex center for eye muscles. • Also involved with processing visual and auditory information (connects head movements with visual and auditory stimuli).

  36. Pons • Connects the two halves of the cerebellum. • Regulates breathing.

  37. Medulla Oblongata • Composed of nerve tracts to and from the brain (these tracts cross over left to right and right to left) • May be regarded as an extension of the spinal cord • Almost all of the cranial nerves arise from this region

  38. Medulla Oblongata • Contains control centers for many subconscious activities • Respiratory rate • Heart rate • Arteriole constriction • Swallowing • Hiccupping • Coughing • Sneezing

  39. Cerebellum • Controls and coordinates muscular activity. • Important in equilibrium, posture and movement.

  40. Traumatic Brain Injuries • Concussion • Contusion • Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage • Contrecoup injury • Punch Drunk Syndrome

  41. Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs) • Ischemia • Thrombus • Embolism • Arteriosclerosis • Stroke

  42. Stroke

  43. Degenerative brain diseases • Alzheimer’s • Down’s • Parkinson’s • Huntington’s Chorea • MS • Epilepsy • Schizophrenia

  44. Normal Alzheimer’s

  45. Normal Alzheimer’s Extreme shrinkage of cortex Cerebral cortex Severely enlarged ventricles Extreme shrinkage of hippocampus Hippocampus Entorhinal cortex

  46. Normal Alzheimer’s

  47. Down’s syndrome

  48. Down’s syndrome

  49. Down’s syndrome Problems in using spatial and contextual to form new memories: a function of the hippocampus Effects transmission of neurons between the locus coeruleus and hippocampus Scientists may have cure for Down’s http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/07/130717132330.htm

  50. Parkinson’s Disease

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