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WORKSHOP OVERVIEW

PROMOTING HEALTH & DIGNITY THRU SAFE WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE – HOW CAN COMMUNITY RADIO HELP? AMARC, AMMAN, NOVEMBER 2006. WORKSHOP OVERVIEW. Aspirations - 5 Overview of the WSH sector - 10 Challenges and Problems - 15 Grounds for Optimism - 10 Some tough issues - 10

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WORKSHOP OVERVIEW

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  1. PROMOTING HEALTH & DIGNITY THRU SAFE WATER, SANITATION AND HYGIENE – HOW CAN COMMUNITY RADIO HELP? AMARC, AMMAN, NOVEMBER 2006 Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  2. WORKSHOP OVERVIEW • Aspirations - 5 • Overview of the WSH sector - 10 • Challenges and Problems - 15 • Grounds for Optimism - 10 • Some tough issues - 10 • Questions & Discussion – 20 • Small group Discussion & Plenary 30+20 total 120 Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  3. Aspirations (5 mins) • What would you like to learn about WSH? • Ask your questions / identify topics • Now – in the workshop • After this session • After the conference Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  4. AIMS OF WORKSHOP • 1. to encourage participants to consider how your radio station could increase the coverage of WSH issues and messages in your broadcasting; • 2. to provide a background briefing on some of the main issues of the WSH sector to help inform your programming Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  5. The global picture • 1,100,000,000 (18%) without safe water • 2,600,000,000 (42%) without safe, hygienic latrine • 1,700,000 deaths a year / 4,700 per day • 90% are children / 4,200 die every day Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  6. Millennium Development Goals • To halve the proportion without safe water by 2015 • To halve the proportion without safe sanitation by 2015 • To improve the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2015 Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  7. MDG calculation example • Nation or city or district • Baseline: 1990 population 10 million, 40% with water (= 4 million served) • By 2015 population (2% pa) 16.4 million, target 70% coverage (= 11.5 million) • Average Annual target = 7.5 million / 15 years = 500,000 / year = 1370 people / every day (250 households) • And 4.9 million still unserved ! Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  8. Water & Sanitation 8 major diseases • Diarrhoeal – cholera, dysentery, typhoid • Worms- bilharzia, guinea worm, hookworms • Water washed – trachoma, scabies Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  9. diarrhoea • Diarrhoeal diseases – 88% attributed to drinking unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene • Severe diarrhoea causes death by dehydration Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  10. Hygiene 1 Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  11. Hygiene 2 Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  12. Estimated Impacts of different WSH strategies - % reduction in child diarrhoeal disease • Excreta disposal - 25% • Personal and domestic cleanliness – 18% • Water availability – 18% • Food hygiene – 17% • Excreta treatment – 15% • Water quality – 11% • Drainage and sullage disposal – 6% • (Source: Feacham et al, Sanitation & Disease, 1983) Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  13. Combining W,S & H Water quantity + water quality + safe sanitation + effective hygiene reduce diarrhoeal disease incidence by two-thirds Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  14. Impacts of safe water & basic sanitation • Better health • More time • Increased schooling attendance • Cleaner environment • Less spend on medicines • Better family life, less fatigue • Kitchen gardens, water based enterprises • Less risk for girls and women • Dignity and privacy Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  15. Challenges & Problems • Investment requirements: more resources, better targeting • Annual spend on water & sanitation needs to double from $14 billion to $30 billion; • Only 40% of aid for water goes to 30 most needy countries with 90% of unserved • (source: Getting to the boiling point, WaterAid, 2005) Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  16. Challenges & Problems • Sustainability: Many new WatSan systems do not deliver benefits for their design life; • Inadequate operations & maintenance (O&M) resources • Low sense of community ownership and responsibility • Questionable technology choices • Poor workmanship • Weak quality control Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  17. Challenges & Problems • Social Inclusion: poor and vulnerable groups do not obtain full benefits of new investments • Excluded on basis of income, health status, location etc • Widows, disabled, HIV+, ‘low’ caste, orphans, remote residence, migration etc Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  18. Challenges & Problems • Gender • Women and girl children responsible for the bulk of water, sanitation management and domestic cleanliness • Typically excluded from project management, scheme operations • Women consistently demonstrate higher standards of honesty in financial management and system operations Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  19. Challenges & Problems • Water Resource Availability: since 1950 water use has increased six fold while the population has doubled • Groundwater levels (aquifers) dropping in many areas e.g. South Asia 1 – 4 m / yr • 1 billion threatened by drought & deserts • Rainfall disrupted by climate change Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  20. Challenges & Problems • Water Quality: • Pollution from agriculture: phosphates, nitrates • From industry: in developing countries 70% of waste is dumped untreated • From households: human & animal faecal waste are the major source of bacteriological pollution Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  21. Challenges & Problems • Loss of wetlands: • purify water, absorb silt, regulate river flows, add moisture to the atmosphere; • Without them: rivers flow too fast, lakes are overburdened and coastlines erode; fish and wildlife extinction and loss of livelihoods; • Half of all wetlands lost in 20th century • ‘waste land’ – drain and provide land for development • Malaria prevention – another rationale Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  22. Challenges & Problems • Political will? • Easy to promise - hard to deliver • ‘free water’ populism • Lack of Transparency & informed public scrutiny • Allocations not transferred • Transfers not spent Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  23. Challenges & Problems • Poverty • All rich people have water and sanitation • Poor people usually pay more per litre than richer neighbours in cash or coping costs or both Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  24. GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISM • WATSAN POLICY REFORMS • Rural: VLOM hand pumps; community management; WatSan committees; grant financing; community contracting, federations of user groups; • Urban: utility autonomy; connection charges subsidised; cost-recovery tariffs; incentives for utility staff to reduce water losses; innovative investment financing Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  25. GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISM • CIVIL SOCIETY ENGAGEMENT • Sector pluralism: Governments / Private Sector / NGOs / users • Utility score cards / citizen’s voice • Community mobilization by NGOs, CBOs for self-help; for community contributions Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  26. GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISM • COMMUNITY LED TOTAL SANITATION • Increase community awareness re the volume, distribution and implications of open defecation • Community plans for total latrines, community waste management etc • Non- subsidised latrines – extended choice of options, • ‘no one defecates in the open in this village’ • ‘daughters from our village do not marry into villages where open defecation is practiced’ Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  27. GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISM • SANITATION MARKETING • Most latrines are private investments • Strengthen both demand and supply for private sector delivery of private latrines • Informed choice, more options, improved quality, lower costs; • Privacy, safety, convenience, status, modernism Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  28. GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISM Alternative Technologies • Eco san / composting sanitation • Separates urine from faeces • Dilutes urine to become fertilizer • Produces compost from faeces • Small bore / settled sewerage • interceptor boxes • narrow pipes, • Condominial layouts, Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  29. GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISM • RAIN WATER HARVESTING • For storage • For ground water re-charge Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  30. GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISM • COMMUNITY BASED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT • No groundwater extraction for irrigation within a community or within 500 m of a drinking water source • Catchment management – fencing, vegetation, cleaning, check dams, - rural & urban Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  31. GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISMHygiene 3 key messages • safe disposal of human excreta • effective handwashing at critical times • protect drinking water from contamination • + food management and preparation • + wear ‘chappels’, flip flops, sandals Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  32. GROUNDS FOR OPTIMISMWater quality • Point of use chlorination – a few cents per HH per month • solar disinfection (SODIS) – minimal cost • CCS (ceramic colloidal silver) filter - $3 per HH per year • Arsenic removal e.g. Al2 O3 filter– cost $4 per family / year Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  33. TOUGH ISSUES • WATER PRICING & PAYMENTS • Is water a social service or commodity? • Low cost vs. sustainable reliable service • Recurrent budgets required for operations, maintenance and repairs • tariff structure with social safety net • First 6,000 litres per HH / month free in SA where cross subsidy possible Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  34. TOUGH ISSUES • CITIZEN BEHAVIOURS THAT UNDERMINE GOOD W&S SERVICES • Illegal connections • Meter resistance / tampering • Payment avoidance • Solid waste disposal blocks drains • Water wastage / tariff levels too low to discourage Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  35. TOUGH ISSUES • LOW AWARENESS OF WATER AVAILABILITY • Increasing extractions by agriculture and industry • pollution of drains and sewers • Ground water ‘mining’ • Water resource crisis looms Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  36. QUESTIONS & DISCUSSION Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  37. SMALL GROUP DISCUSSIONS • What is your radio station doing now to address water, sanitation issues? • What ( more) could you do? • Audiences? • Messages? • Formats? • Partners? Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  38. Presenter: Alan Etherington Contact: alanether13@gmail.com Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

  39. Broadcasting ideas • Start with your own lives – where do you obtain water? Defecate? Urinate? Dispose of waste? Cost – in cash and time and other? • Site visits, features, communication strategy for WatSan project; testimonies; • Phone in – water staff, health officials • PSA, jingles, vox pop, Soap opera; Talk shows; link radio – water networks; use local languages; Community radio in water, sanitation & hygiene; Nov 2006

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