Environmental Aspects in Development Aid and Cooperation

1. Environmental Aspects in Development Aid and Cooperation Ing. Branislav Žúdel

2. Bureau • Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament COM(2005) 324: „External Actions through Thematic Programmes under the Future Financial Perspectives 2007-2013“ Propose a single thematic programme in the area of environment and natural resources.

3. Bureauu Thematic strategy could: • Provide support for global and EU iniciatives, NGOs targeting enviro dimension of SD (climate, chemicals, freshwater, waste, consumption, intern. governance, monitoring, assessment, etc.) • Supportefforts and strenghten the capacity of DC governments and society to integrate enviro dimension into development cooperation (meet their obligations under conventions, support natural resource management in DCs) • Provide operational support – through voluntary contributions – to Multilateral Environmental Agreements and for other int. enviro iniciatives, processes and organisations (inlc. NGOs) • Promote ECs enviro policy abroad also via contribution to public and private iniciatives.

4. Bureauuu • Trying to integrate enviro concerns in country analyses, as part of the external assistance pogramming process. • More precise guidance was given to non-ACP countries on the need to take proper account of the environment in the next generation of Country Support Strategies, by carrying out enviro profiling on a country-by-country and regional basis as a part of the overall planning process. • Country Strategy Papers for 2007-2013 will include an enviro profile of the partner country or region concerned.

5. Multilateral Environmental Agreements • EC has aimed to ensure coherence between enviro and development objectives. • EC continued the implementation of EU Action Plan on Climate Change in the Context of Development Co-operation. • Reorienting activities of UN Convention to Combat Desertification. • Integration of recommendations from the „message from Malahide“ in EC Biodiversity Strategy.

6. Forest Law Enforcement Governance and Trade • G8 ministers for environment and development highlightened the need for action to eliminate illegal logging, corruption and weak governance. • Strenghten forest sector governance and timber licensing scheme to ensure that only legal timber is traded with EU and FLEGT partner countries. • Ongoing consultations with partners in South East Asia and West and Central Africa (approx. €50 million has been committed to pilot programmes and technical assistance).

7. Tropical forests logging

10. Tropical Forests • In 2005 EC concluded 39 grant contracts for projects identified through a call for proposals launched in 2003, which represented a total EC contribution of €76,4 million. • Environment programme is focusing on capacity building to ensure implementation by DC of MEAs. • Forests programme aims at developing participatory models of resource utilisation, based on recognition of the value of forests to society and on more equitable forest ownership arrangements.

11. Marine and Coastal Resources • EC is renegotiating the current agreements in order to be in line with Council Counclusion of 2004 on the integrated framework for fisheries partnership agreements with third countries. • New agreements: Morocco, Solomon Islands, Micronesia, Comoros, Seychelles, Gabon,... • Increasing capacities of third countries to implement a SD strategy, with accent on fight against illegal fisheries activities and reinforcement management of fisheries. • Overall budget in 2005 was €175 million.

12. Water and Sanitation • EU launched a Water Initiative at World Summit on SD in Johannesburg 2002 as a contribution to the achievement of MDGs. • EUWI action is primarily at country level via policy dialogue (mainly in Africa, but also in Mediterranean and Latin America). • Main financial instrument is €500 million ACP-EU Water Facility.

13. Energy • Energy is priority in key policy documents such as European Consensus on Development and EU Strategy for Africa. • EU Energy Initiative is framework for co-operation between member states and DCs. • EUEI is implemented by Community co-operation with DCs (COOPENER), it addresses role of sustainable energy in poverty alleviation. • Aimed at reinforcing local capacities, assistance with the definition of energy policies, creation of better market conditions. • €220 million ACP-EU Energy Facility.

14. BEPITA: Biomass Energy Platforms Implementation for Training in Africa

15. Project objectives • Toestablish two perennial training platforms for biomass technologies. • Networking two wide regions in Africa: - having specific energy needs and potentials; - where quantities of biomasses available and processes used differ.

16. Project platforms • Dry zone countries Burkina Faso • mainly devoted to drying application • biomass mainly agro-based residues • hybridisation of solar thermal with biomass combustion technology • overcome barrier related to fuel seasonality and take the best from two renewable resources • Wet zone countries Cameroon • devoted to rural electricity production • biomass generally largely available • large plant capacity

17. Project outcomes • Capacity building outcomes • A review and assessment of representative plant • A directory about expert organisations and professionals • A training module set up and included in graduation courses • Training sessions implemented (10) • International conference and exhibition • Technology transfer outcomes • New biomass projects implemented based on the technologies promoted, • Reinforcement of associated SMEs capacity • Dissemination of information on efficient biomass energy technology

18. World Bank:Global Public Goods Priorities • Biodiversity • Climate change • Environmental poilicies and institutions • Land administrations • Other environment and natural resources management • Pollution management and environmental health • Water resource management

19. WB: Green revolution in India • Period from 1967 to 1978. • Efforts until 1967 concentrated on expanding farming areas to make India self-sufficient. • Population was growing faster than food production. • This called for action to increase yields. • WB has made four loans to National Seeds Project.

20. Three elements • Continued expansion of farming areas (not so important); • Double-cropping existing farmland (instead of one there have to be two crop seasons per year); • Using seeds with improved genetics (Scientists developed new strains of high yield value seeds, mainly wheat and rice, but also corn).

21. Results • In 1978-79 India became one of the world`s biggest agricultural pruducers, and also exporter of food grains. • Between 1947 and 1979 yield per unit of farmland improved by more than 30 %. • Crop area under HYV varieties grew to 22% of total cultivated area (wheat 70%, rice 35%, corn 20%).

22. More results... • Crop areas under HYV needed more water, fertilizer, pesticides, fungicides and other chemicals which means GDP growth. • Increased irrigation created need for new dams to store monsoon water, which was used to create hydro-electric power. • India paid back all loans from WB Group and improved creditwothiness.

23. Even more results... • Some developed countries, especially Canada, which were facing shortage in agricultural labour, were so impressed that they asked India to supply them with experienced farmers. • Farmers from Punjab and Haryana were sent to Canada and then remitted part of their income to their relatives in India.

24. Some other results • Crop areas under HYV needed more water, chemicals, etc. That means that in the absence of these inputs, the new seed perform worse than ordinary varieties. • Reduced diversity: mixture of crops like wheat, corn, pulses, etc. was replaced mainly by monocultures of wheat and rice. • HYV came from narrow genetic base (only three varieties, instead of thousands before).

25. What results? • HYV are vulnerable to major pests and diseases, so new varieties have to be specially bred for resistence do disease. • But breakdown in resistance can occur rapidly and in some cases replacement varieties ma by required every 3-4 years. • Forests have been cleared: In 90`s 84% of Punjab was under cultivation (42% is average in India); only 4% is forest, but most of this are plantations of Eucalyptus.

26. Any results? • Reduced genetic diversity • Increased vulnerability to pests • Soil erosion and contamination • Water shortages • Micronutrient deficiencies

27. Where is the market? MPC – marginal private costs MPU – marginal private utility MSC – marginal social costs MSU – marginal social utility