Health p172-p186 Factors which influence negatively on lifestyles choices

1. Health p172-p186Factors which influence negatively on lifestyles choices “Risky behaviour” Social grants Culture and health decisions

2. Health: • According to the World Health Organization (WHO) • Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

3. Risky behaviour p178 • Risky behaviour and situations are not like accidents, because you have control over your own behaviour and you can avoid unsafe situations.

4. Teenagers get pregnant to access social grants p181

5. It is a story that is told and retold as fact. But, like the recent claim by a provincial education minister that schoolgirls are falling pregnant during the December holidays because they have “nothing to do”, or that teenagers aren’t having sex because of the department’s winter schools programme, it is a myth. • It is a myth like the now notorious Sky News report that pregnant South African women in poverty-stricken communities are drinking heavily in the hopes of harming their unborn children so that they can claim disability grants later.

6. criteria used to determine when a teenage parent or their guardian is liable to receive a grant. A single parent or guardian may not earn more than R34,800 per year, while a couple’s combined income may not exceed R69,600 per year if they are to receive a grant. This translates to R95 a day– just above the average South African minimum wage. Clearly, the grant targets those families who can be considered the most desperate and in need of financial support.

7. The article also failed to take into account that a child support grant, at the time, amounted to just R270 a month for each child registered with the South African Social Security Agency. Currently, the grant is R290 a month per child, and will be increased to R300 in October this year.

8. “Social grants decrease teenage girls' risk of contracting HIV” • 18 Jun 2013 15:25

9. Culture influences lifestyle choices p186 • Culture: a set of beliefs and attitudes shared by a group of people.

10. “Five boys have died and one had to be castrated in the Eastern Cape after illegal circumcisions, according to the provincial health department.”

11. “For the Xhosa people, circumcision represents the formal incorporation of males into society. It is not just a surgical procedure, but a lengthy and elaborate ritual in preparation for manhood … as a Xhosa, I count my years as a man from the date of my circumcision.”

12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zw-124t993c

13. The Commission for Gender Equality: • “What good are boys taught at these initiation schools? We are no longer hunter-gatherers. Teaching young boys stick-fighting, hunting and making fire is not going to propel society to its greatness. We live in a transforming society that demands abandonment of traditional values that serve no meaningful purpose. Cultural practices that continue to reinforce patriarchal social norms need to be discarded. "

14. "The health department describes the situation as not circumcision but acts of barbarism being perpetrated by greedy people who are interested in making money, and who have total disregard for human life."

15. "If an initiate dies at initiation schools, the culture is you don't bring the body home. The body is buried at the initiation school, in the bush wherever they are in the mountain. The death is not reported before the burial,"

16. Benefits of circumcision by a medical doctor • Circumcision prevents the growth under the foreskin of the agents that cause sexually transmitted diseases. Removal of the foreskin may provide some measure of protection from these diseases to males and their sexual partners. • Some studies suggest that having your child circumcised may: •Reduce the risk of penile cancer. •Reduce the risk of urinary tract infections •Provide greater protection against sexually transmitted diseases. •Reduce the risk of prostate cancer

17. "In a modern society where everyone's got access to running water and particularly hot water where you can have a wash, the risk of a unclean foreskin in an adult male is effectively a non-issue," says Professor Hutson • In addition, for such a surgery, problems can arise during the procedure. Complications can develop after the surgical procedure as well, such as infection, blood loss and malformation of the penis. Some believe that the procedure of circumcision can eventually cause men to be impotent, or experience erections that are painful or bleeding during sexual intercourse. Some health insurance companies no longer cover this operation, making it an out-of-pocket cost.

18. Shaman religious practitioner who acts as a medium between the human and spirit world. A shaman is believed to have the power to communicate with supernatural forces to intercede on the behalf of individuals or groups. The term shaman, refers to a religious specialist who has the ability to enter a trance through which he or she is believed to enter into direct contact with spiritual beings and guardian spirits for the purposes of healing, fertility, protection, and aggression, in a ritual setting “ A shaman must typically endure intense training which may take over a decade and involve the use of psychotropic drugs to attain an altered state of consciousness.

20. Scarring in Ethiopia • For the women of the Karo tribe in southern Ethiopia, beauty is literally skin deep. During childhood, girls allow their elders to cut scars onto their stomachs. • "The main reason for my scars is to attract a male that will give me joy, because I will be beautiful and hopefully get a husband," says one girl during her Taboo interview. • Once a Karo girl has received the last of her scars, she's allowed to marry and have children.

22. Cape Town's passion gap: sexual myth or fashion victimhood? • Dental modification is a teenage rite of passage for some in Cape Town - one that has been around for 60 years. • Photo: AFP • By Fran Blandy in Cape Town • 10:43AM BST 07 Oct 2009

23. Provide a definition of health. (3) • Name and describe five aspects of health.(10) • Define risky behaviour and give two examples. (3) • What are the symptoms of chlamydia? (5) • How is Gonorrhoea transmitted? (4) • Name 5 factors which impact positively on lifestyle choices. • Define culture. (3)