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The State of the Youth in the Muslim World

The State of the Youth in the Muslim World. Seminar on «Youth and Development in the IDB Member Countries» April 2, 2012 Khartoum, Sudan. Outline. Youth in the Member Countries Challenges: Education and Employment Consequences: Social unrest, poverty, conflict

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The State of the Youth in the Muslim World

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  1. The State of the Youth in the Muslim World Seminar on «Youth and Development in the IDB Member Countries» April 2, 2012 Khartoum, Sudan

  2. Outline • Youth in the Member Countries • Challenges: Education and Employment • Consequences: Social unrest, poverty, conflict • Responses: Vocational Education and Training • SESRIC Responses: OIC-VET, SDYE, OIC-ISIP, IMTP, OIC-PAP • Final Remarks

  3. The share of young population accounted for 53.5 PER CENT of the OIC total population in 2009 1.57 BILLION PEOPLE Population of the OIC Countries in 2010 Youth as a Strength With 1.57 billion people in 2010, the OIC countries accounted for almost 23 per cent of the world total population. The share of the young population (age group 0-24) in the total population of the OIC countries reached 53.5 per cent in 2010; the highest share compared to all other groups of countries in the world. Higher percentage of young population will be the key driver of economic development

  4. Youth as a Challenge

  5. Youth as a Challenge

  6. State of the Muslim Youth Education

  7. Education – Average Schooling In OIC member countries, average years of schooling have substantially increased over the last 40 years. The number of countries with schooling more than 6 years was only 4 in 1970. This number increased to 26 in 2010. In 2030 the minimum years of schooling will be 4 years and in 2050 it will be 6 years.

  8. Education – Average Spending World average government expenditures on education per pupil as percentage GDP per capita increased from 20.5% in 1999 to 21.2% in 2008. The increase in this ratio in developing countries as well as OIC countries was quite limited as compared to developed countries.

  9. Education – Quality The mean performance of students on mathematics, reading and science for all 10 OIC countries taking part in the PISA study of OECD (2009) Among the 65 countries or economies surveyed in the study, 7 of the 10 worst performers on the overall reading scale are the OIC member countries. Turkey as the best performing OIC member country occupies only 41st position. Several studies illustrate the seriousness of the learning challenge. - More than 30 per cent of Malian youths aged 15–19 years who completed six years of schooling could not read a simple sentence. - In Pakistan, tests of grade 3 children found that only half could answer very basic multiplication questions (World Bank, 2011).

  10. Education – Quality and Productivity One year increase in average schooling is associated with 0.1% increase in productivity (GDP per worker) and this is a relatively poor improvement.

  11. State of the Muslim Youth Employment

  12. Skill Mismatch Skill Mismatch • An adequate basic educationmay not be enough to find work because they do not provide theskills needed by employers. • Despite persistent joblessness among young people,employers usually complain that they can’t find enoughworkers with the skills they need to grow their businesses. Broadeninglearning opportunities for the young,especially by improving quality • Better learning outcomes take morethan investment in school buildings and classrooms, trainedteachers and professors, and textbooks. • Special programs should be developed toteach young people to makegood decisions when investing in their human capital, by givingthem information, resources, and second-chance opportunities.

  13. Youth Unemployment – OIC Countries

  14. Youth Unemployment – Global and Regional In the Middle East and NorthAfrica regions, youth are around four times as likely as adults to be unemployed,with youth unemployment rates well in excess of 25 per cent in both regions(ILO, Global Employment Trends 2012). The increase in social unrest in many countries and regionsaround the world is of little surprise.

  15. Unemployment - Consequences Major impacts on economic growth due to the loss or degradation of human capital Other socio-economic impacts:

  16. Poverty: A Challenge for Social Equality According to the latest available estimates of World Bank, 351 million people (27% of OIC total population) were living below the income poverty threshold of 1.25$ a day whereas 640 million people (49% of OIC total population) were living below the poverty threshold of 2$ a day. Source: World Bank http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm?1

  17. Poverty: A Challenge for Social Equality Poverty Headcount Ratio : % of population living in households with consumption or income per person below the poverty line. The default poverty line is $38.00 per month (Source: World Bank, 2012. http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm?1)

  18. Poverty: A Challenge for Social Equality AlthoughGDP per capita of OIC Member Countries was increasing for the last decade, the number of people living less than 1.25$ a day have not decreased,this fact points out unequal distribution of income in Member Countries. Source: World Bank, 2012. http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/index.htm?1

  19. Poverty: A Challenge for Social Equality Unequal Redistribution of Wealth OIC averages of income share held by highest 10% is approximately 29.7% and income share held by lowest 10% is 2.9%; implies that the top 10% of population take benefit of 30 percentage of GDP but the remaining 90% of population just gain 70 percentages of GDP. Despite the increase of GDP per capita of OIC Member Countries for the last decade, any improvement in unequal income distribution is observed.

  20. Top 10 Internet Sites & Social Networking Increasing number of young people are participating in public debate, making use of high-tech communication tools and social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Studies show that social media carried a cascade of messages about freedom and democracy, equalityacross North Africa and the Middle Eastandplayed a critical role inshaping opinions and influencing change, in the Arap Spring.

  21. State of the Muslim Youth Threats

  22. Threats • Arising youth share of the population signalsincreases in the productive capacity of an economy ona per capita basis in the years to come. • It also poses a risk ofsocial and political instability in economies that fail to generatesufficient jobs. Social unrests due to high unemployment rates • Millions of youngpeople were chanting “dignity” and “social justice” inthe MENA region, underlining deep-seated feelings ofexclusionand inequality of opportunities. • Those who are unemployed and unmarried have relatively little to lose and relatively more to gain from change. Newsocial mediafacilitate communication and organizing. • Demanding democracy, human rights, and bettergovernance, young Arabs were also striving torealize their economic aspirations in a region rich inhuman and physical capital. • While therehas been economic growth for a number of years inMENA countries, this has not led to an adequatenumber of good jobs and has succeeded, at best, ingenerating low-quality, informal jobs.

  23. Informal Employment Informality as «lack of social security coverage» • A typical MENA country produces one-third of itsGDP and employs 67 percent of its labor forceinformally. • Overtwo-thirds of workersmay not have access to health insurance and/or arenot contributing to a pension that provides incomesecurity after retirement. Source: World Bank, MENA Knowledge and Learning, Dec. 2011 The Schneider Indexestimates the share of production not declared to taxand regulatory authorities

  24. Social Exclusion Knowledge Gap of Muslim Youth • Muslim youth fail to have a thirst for knowledge • Lack of self-confidence Alienation of Muslim youth  • Bridges between generations are being impaired and youth are becoming alienated from Muslim community. • Rising identity problem Idleness • Intellectual deficiency, emotional instability and reckless actions RESPONSE: Good quality education, better employment prospects,preserving the moral values and sense of belonging

  25. Indonesia vs. Nigeria Source: IMF, Finance & Development March 2012

  26. State of the Muslim Youth Responses

  27. Responses to the Challenge Enhancing Employability • Active Labour Market Policies and Vocational Education and Training Programmes Labour Market Challenges in the OIC Member Countries

  28. SESRIC Responses to the Challenge Skill Development for Youth Employment • The initiative of the IDB and the World Bank (IFC): Education for Employment (e4e) • With the aim of • Bridging the gap between existing education and employment • Narrowing the skills gap among young people in the Arab world

  29. Skill Development for Youth Employment The study visit included 8 selected OIC Member Countries, namely Cameroon, Egypt, Indonesia, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Palestine, Senegal, and Tunisia. 11-13 January 2012, ANKARA / TURKEY Study Visit on Skill Development for Youth Employment

  30. OIC International Student Internship Programme (OIC-ISIP) A special programme developed under the OIC-VET Programme and operated under the International Business Forum (IBF) hosted by Independent Industrialists and Businessmen's Association (MÜSİAD).It basically aims at increasing knowledge and skills of university students about to enter into the labour market. 6 OCTOBER 2010, ISTANBUL / TURKEY Certificate Ceremony of OIC-ISIP Pilot Application of Summer 2010 10 students from 7 Member Countries, namely Afghanistan, Yemen, Albania, Senegal, Indonesia, Guinea, and Uzbekistan

  31. ISMEK Master TrainerProgramme İSMEK Master Trainer Programme (IMTP) is a joint programme between Statistical Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries (SESRIC) and the Centre for Art and Vocational Training Courses of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (İSMEK), initiated at beginning of 2011and aims  to provide training courses to master trainers in various vocational education institutions which targets to reduce youth unemployment rate in OIC Member Countries. 24-28 OCTOBER 2011, ISTANBUL / TURKEY Certificate Ceremonyof the Master Trainers from Republic of Azerbaijan

  32. Poverty Alleviation Programme (OIC-PAP) SESRIC has established OIC Poverty Alleviation Programme (OIC-PAP) to have more active and vital role in coordination of all possible future events, trainings, capacity building programmes, research and other activities in the field of poverty alleviation.

  33. Poverty Alleviation Programme (OIC-PAP)

  34. Final Remarks • Youth as a strength • High share of young population • Youth as a challenge • Qualitative improvements in education is needed in addition to quantitative improvements • Provision of right skills to the young • Youth as a threat • Social unrests due to high unemployment rates • Responses to the challenges • International responses through ALMPs • SESRIC responses: OIC-VET, SDYE, OIC-ISIP,IMTP, OIC-PAP

  35. State of the Muslim Youth Discussions

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