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Expansion of the Muslim World. Chapter 2. The Eastern Empire:. The eastern half became known as the “Eastern Empire”, or the Byzantine Empire , with its capital in the city of Constantinople. The city eventually changed its name to Byzantium.
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Expansion of the Muslim World Chapter 2
The Eastern Empire: The eastern half became known as the “Eastern Empire”, or the Byzantine Empire, with its capital in the city of Constantinople. • The city eventually changed its name to Byzantium. • The Empire gradually reverted to its Greek roots in culture. • Most of the lands which made up the heart of the Byzantine Empire were a major part of the Greek, or Macedonian empire of Alexander the Great • The rulers of the Byzantine Empire had very close ties to the Church in the eastern part of the empire • Appointed church officials including the head of the Church in the eastern part of the empire – the Patriarch • It remained heavily Christian, although much more influenced by the Greeks
The Church Splits as the Empire Had Split A series of disagreements, one of the most serious over icons between the Pope and the leaders of the Catholic Church in the Byzantine, or Eastern Empire, • Icons = religious images (statues, paintings etc) Many of the eastern clergy turned against the Pope in these disagreements and refused to honor his decrees The Eastern clergy caused a split between the Roman Catholic Church, and the Pope, and the eastern church who turned to the Patriarch as its leader • Became the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church (sometimes called the Greek Orthodox Church) because its roots were Greek • The split between the two groups came to be called a schism, or separation
Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church with The Roman Catholic Pope in 1999
Effects of the Schism Between Churches The schism weakened the Byzantine Empire because it lost the Roman Catholic support against the Moslems, or Muslims who were moving from the Middle East toward Constantinople, or Byzantium • Remember: • Both Churches were (and still are) Christian • The Dark Ages were happening in Europe (Western) • Everyone deeply religious
Byzantine Empire From 500 to 800 AD, during the Dark Ages, when the western (Roman) empire was in decline, the Byzantine Empire was a brilliant center of civilization. • Its scholars re-discovered the ideas and works of the Greeks and the Romans • Education and learning flourished in the East while it declined in the west.
The Muslim Invasions Another monotheistic religion that taught equality of all persons and individual worth also developed in southwest Asia was Islam • Was based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. • His teachings are contained in the Koran • Their god is Allah • It began in Saudi Arabia in the city of Mecca – birthplace of Mohammed • The Muslims as they were called, fought the Crusades for control of much of the Middle East • Islam spread throughout the region, not only Arabs became Moslems, but also Turks, Persians, and other peoples of the area • Moslems are the same as Muslims just different spelling
The Spread of Islam = The Expansion of the Arab World The Arab Moslems sought to spread their Islamic faith and increase the territory occupied by the Islamic tribes. • By the 650’s AD they occupied Syria and Palestine, and also expanded into Persia and across North Africa • At first the Byzantines were successful at stopping them from taking Constantinople, but had to give up the lost territories in North Africa and the Middle East • By 700 AD the Byzantine “Empire” consisted of mainly territories that were primarily Greek • They had lost control of all territories that were in "Asia Minor" and Africa
Further Decline Leads to the Crusades Another set of factors spelled the end of the Byzantine Empire: • A group of northern European invaders called the Normans seized Byzantine trading posts in the eastern Mediterranean Sea • This cost the Byzantines trade and hurt their economy • About the same time, a group of Huns, called the Seljuk Turks came down from central Asia and many converted to Islam • They began to advance toward Constantinople, taking Byzantine territory and forcing many to convert to Islam or die • An early “jihad” or Holy War • The leaders of the Byzantine Empire asked the Pope’s help against these Islamic forces • The Pope decided to help the Eastern Church by asking leaders of the West to send armies and thus began the Crusades
A Seljuk Turk - Relatives to the Huns, Excellent Horsemen, Fierce Warriors
The Seljuk Turks The Seljuk Turkish history is significant in that they are regarded as the ancestors of the Western Turks - the modern Turks of today. The Seljuk Turks were the first people to invade Anatolia completely. • With the establishment of the Anatolian Seljuk State as part of the Great Seljuk Empire began the Islamic period in Turkey. • The Seljuks played a major role in the Middle Ages in defending the Islamic world against the Crusaders, and conquering large parts of the Byzantine Empire. • They also did a service to Europe by providing a barrier between them and the raiding Mongols. • Finally their importance lay in the fact that they paved the way for the Ottoman Turks.
Anatolia consists of a high-altitude plateau that becomes increasingly mountainous as one moves east.
Anatolian Turks or Seljuk Turks who Settled in Anatolia Many Anatolian Turks saw themselves as Ghazis a. Warriors for Islam. • They formed military societies under the leadership of an emir (the lands they controlled were called emirates), and followed a strict Islamic code of conduct. • They raided the territories of the “infidels,” - people who didn’t believe in Islam
The "Ottoman" Turks The most successful Emir / Ghazi was Osman. • People in the West called him Othman • Named his followers Ottomans. • His successors expanded his small state by buying land from neighboring tribes, or by forming alliances with other emirs, or by military conquest • The Ottomans’ military success was largely based on the use of gunpowder • They were also among the first people to use cannons as offensive weapons. • This is how the Seljuk Turks of the Anatolian Plateau became the Ottoman Turks
Ottomans Establish Themselves on the Anatolian Peninsula Another Ottoman leader of note was Orkhan I • felt strong enough to declare himself sultan • a title meaning “overlord” or “one with power.” The Ottomans acted kindly toward the people they conquered. They ruled through local officials appointed by the sultan and often improved the lives of the peasants.
Timur the Lame The rise of the Ottoman Empire was briefly interrupted in the early 1400s, though, by a rebellious warrior and conqueror from Samarkand in central Asia. • He was called Timur the Lame in his homeland; Europeans called him Tamerlane. • Tamerlane conquered both Russia and Persia. • He also burned the powerful city of Baghdad in present-day Iraq to the ground. • In 1398, he swept through northern India, leaving destruction and decaying corpses in his wake. • He crushed the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. This defeat halted the expansion of their empire.
Tamerlane Timur the Lame, so called because he walked with a limp since half of his body was paralyzed, was the warlord king of a nomadic tribe based in what is now present-day Uzbekistan, and was a total hardass. His name was later Westernized to Tamerlane when people finally came to the realization that even though he was gimpy there was nothing about him that was remotely lame. Timur moved out of Anatolia on his way toward attempting to conquer China, war broke out among the four sons of the ruling Ottoman sultan.
Post Tamerlane • Mehmet I defeated his brothers and took the throne Tamerlane had abandoned • He ruled for scarcely a year before he died in a sword battle • His son, Murad II, took over as sultan and restored the Ottoman military to its former power. • He continued to expand his grandfather’s empire • Murad’s son Mehmet II, or Mehmet the Conqueror, achieved the most dramatic feat in Ottoman history. • The ancient city of Constantinople had shrunk from its population of a million to a mere 50,000. Although it controlled no territory outside its wall, it still dominated the Bosporus Strait. • Controlling this waterway meant that it could choke off traffic between the Ottomans’ territories in Asia and in the Balkans.
Painting of The Ottomans, led by Mehmet II, Laying Siege to Constantinople
Mehmet II • Mehmet the Conqueror, as he was now called, proved to be an able ruler as well as a magnificent warrior. • He opened Constantinople to new citizens of many religions and backgrounds. Jews, Christians, and Muslims, Turks and non-Turks all flowed in. They helped rebuild the city which he re-namedIstanbul.
Selim the Grim came to power in 1512. He did so by overthrowing his father and murdering his brothers. • To protect his position, he also executed his nephews and all but one of his sons. • It is no small wonder that he is known as Selim the Grim. • Selim however, was an effective sultan and a great general.
Suleiman Mehmet the Conqueror and Selim the Grim had achieved impressive military successes. However, the Ottoman Empire didn’t reach its peak size and grandeur until the reign of Selim’s son, Suleiman, a name his father got from the Hebrews, meaning "man of peace" or as the Hebrew translation, Solomon • His own people called him Suleiman the Lawgiver. • He was known in the West, though, as Suleiman the Magnificent. • Suleiman was above all a military leader. • Under his leadership the Ottomans dominated the whole eastern Mediterranean; they also extended their control of the Mediterranean to the port cities of North Africa • Although the Ottomans occupied only the coastal cities of Africa, they managed to control trade routes to the interior of the continent.
Ottomans Under Suleiman • Reigning from Istanbul, Suleiman had waged war with central Europeans, North Africans, and central Asians. • He became the most powerful monarch on earth. • Under Suleiman’s rule the Ottoman Turkish Empire reached its height around the year 1560 • Suleiman’s massive Ottoman Empire required an efficient government structure and social organization. • The empire was a complex military state • Had to have military control because of the many races, cultures and religions within the boundaries of the empire
Ottomans Under Suleiman Sulieman himself had over 20,00 slaves • Among the sultan’s slaves were the janissaries. • This elite force of 30,000 was drawn from the peoples of conquered Christian territories as part of a policy called the Devshirme • Under the devshirme system, the sultan’s army took young boys from the families of conquered territories - usually Christian territories, educated them, converted them to Islam, and trained them as soldiers. • Their superb discipline made them the heart of the Ottoman war machine.
Suleiman • Binding the Ottoman Empire together in a workable social structure was surely Suleiman’s crowning achievement. • Suleiman was required to follow Islamic law, which covered most social matters. • He did, however, simplify the system of taxation and reduce the government bureaucracy.
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DECLINES Suleiman himself set the stage for this decline. Perhaps fearing for his position, he killed his ablest son and drove another into exile. His third son, the incompetent Selim II, inherited the throne. In 1571, Spain and Italy destroyed Selim’s Turkish fleet at the Battle of Lepanto. Many of the European countries readily allied against the Ottomans because: • the Ottomans controlled many of the trade routes • the Ottomans were Islamic, not Christian Corruption was eating away at the government. It became customary for each new sultan to have his brothers strangled with the silk string of a bow. The sultan would then keep his sons prisoner in the harem, cutting them off from education or contact with the world. This practice produced a long line of weak, ignorant sultans who eventually brought ruin on the empire.
HOMEWORK: 1. Identify the Section 1 Key Terms 2. Using a T-chart List the rulers of the Ottoman Empire and their main accomplishments 3. Do you think it was a good idea for the Ottomans to fill their military and government with slaves? Why or why not? Consider: • The loyalty of the slaves • The training slaves received • Others who might have served 4. Do you think Suleiman’s religious tolerance helped or hurt the Ottoman Empire? Support your answer with examples. Consider: • Suleiman’s treatment of non-Muslims • Effects on individual religious groups • Long term effect on the empire
Safavid Empire 1502 - 1736 Chapter 2 - Part 2
The Safavid Empire - Iran / Persia They ruled the greatest Iranian empire since the Islamic conquest of Persia and established the school of Shi'a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam After the decline of the Timurid Empire (Timur the Lame) about 1506, Persia was politically splintered, giving rise to a number of religious movements. The demise of Tamerlane’s political authority created a space in which several religious communities, particularly Shi’i ones, could now come to the fore and gain prominence. Among these were a number of Sufi (Islamic) brotherhoods Of these various movements, the Safawid Qizilbash was the most politically resilient. Their leader, Isma'il was successful in uniting these religious groups.
Isma'il Isma'il became the leader of the Safavids at the age of 14. To protect themselves they built up a powerful military force • this military power became a very powerful force in the Mideast, modeled after the army of Timur the Lame • they were called the “redheads” because of their red headgear Isma'il led the army of the Safavids and conquered all of what is today Iran • He took the title Shah and established Shi’i Islam as the official religion of his country
Shah Abbas He was the grandson of Isma’il became the Shah of the Safavids • He helped blend the cultures of the people within his small empire • Ottoman, Persian, and Arab • Reformed the military and restored some peace by controlling the government and treating people fairly • He established and beautified the capital city of Isfahan • It was during his reign that Europeans began the demand for Persian carpets • This became a national industry
The Decline, Then Fall of the Safavid Empire Safi the grandson of Abbas took over control of the Safavids and soon destroyed all his grandfather had built • tribes from Afghanistan soon came into the country and took over the Eastern part • Ottoman Turks were pushing in from the west A Sunni ruler, Nadir Shah Afshar briefly fought off the invading forces and temporarily brought the Safavids back to power, but he was killed and the empire fell apart.
Safavid Empire at its peak... What five main bodies of water are shown on map?
The Slavs The Slavs first moved to Eastern Europe from West Asia around 2000 BC, about the same time as the Greeks moved to Greece. The Slavs settled in the north closer to the Black Sea. No one is quite sure of the origin of the first Slavic peoples • Many believe they had some “connection” with the Mongols • Accounts for some of their “Oriental” features By 500 AD there were three distinct groups i. The West Slavs ii. The South Slavs iii. The largest group – the Eastern Slavs
Slavic Groups: The West Slavs made up of the Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks • Settled where Poland and Czech Republic are today • Religious ties with Roman Catholic Church, therefore their culture was more western European • This group also had frequent contact with the Romans, then later the Franks of Charlemagne The South Slavs made up of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes • Settled in the Balkans • Frequent contact with the Byzantine Empire, therefore their culture was similar to that of the eastern Europeans • Had much contact with the Turks and Greeks
Slavic Groups: • The Eastern Slavs – the largest group • Made up of Ukrainians, Russians, and Belorussians • Settled north of the Black Sea between the Dnieper and Dniester Rivers in the plateau called the Steppes • Most of their contacts were with the Byzantine traders but, also had extensive contact with the peoples of Northern Europe i. Germanic tribes, and Viking tribes of Scandinavia and northern part of Germany, along the coast of the Baltic Sea
Geography of The Eastern Slavic Lands The steppe that is at the heart of the eastern Slavic lands is part of a plain that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean east into central Asia. • It ends at the base of the Ural Mountains – the dividing line between Europe and Asia • Since ancient times this open plain has served as a “highway” for mounted nomad tribes who saw the lands east of the Urals as rich lands easy and ripe for plunder. • Nomads = people who had no permanent home. Wanderers • Plunder = kidnap, rob, and destroy the place of attack
What is a Steppe? in physical geography refers to a biome region characterized by grassland without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes. • The prairie is an example of a steppe, though it is not usually called such. • It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude. • The term is also used to denote the climate encountered in regions too dry to support a forest, but not dry enough to be a desert.
Much of what we know – or think we know about the Eastern Slavic peoples, has been found in a group of books called the Primary ChronicleThis was a compilation of Slavic traditionsthis record contains legends as well as facts According to the Chronicle: • Around 860 Ad the Slavic peoples (Eastern Slavs) living in the area between the Dnieper River and the Dniester River in modern day Ukraine asked the Vikings of Scandinavia for help in bringing order to their lands • The Viking leader Rurik accepted • The Chronicle also tells us they called the Vikings’ lands Rus • Probably where the term Russia comes from
The Vikings and the Eastern Slavs: • Rurik was successful in uniting some of the local tribes with the promise of protection and increased revenue from trade between the Ottomans and the Viking lands of the Baltic region i. Revenue = money or profits brought in by a business venture • After Rurik died, his successor, Oleg was able to lead the combined Slavic-Viking armies in a conquest of a key city on the north-south trade route, the city of Kiev • Kiev was important because it was situated on the Dnieper River and was essential to the trade route
