WELCOME

1. WELCOME rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

2. A SEMINAR ON “Carminatives and gastro-intestinal regulators” Presented by MAHARUDRA S. RAKH M. PHARM ., M.B.A E- mail: rmspharma@gmail.com PHARMACOGNOSY First year

3. Carminatives and gastro-intestinal regulators • Carminatives (Latin: carminare- to cleanse) are the soothing medicaments that act by relieving pain in the stomach and intestine and expel flatulence and gas from the GIT by increasing peristalsis. • Examples- Fennel, Coriander, Cardamom, Clove, Cinnamon, Caraway. • May useful in indigestion, gastric discomfort and loss of appetite, • Gastro-intestinal regulators agents -regulate GIT activity, as bitter stomachic, alteratives, stimulants, aromatics, slalagogues, cholagogues, anti-emetics and appetizers. rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

4. Volatile oils • An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. • Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils or aetherolea, • Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation. Other processes include expression, or solvent extraction. • They are used in perfumes, cosmetics, soaps and other products, for flavoring food and drink, and for adding scents to incense and household cleaning products. • skin treatments to remedies for cancer, • Volatile Oil • Sweet orange • Menthaarvensis • Peppermint • Cedarwood • Lemon • Eucalyptus globulus • Clove (leaf) • Spearmint rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

5. CORIANDER Synonym Coriander fruits Biological Source It consist of dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum Linn. Family -Umbelliferae Geographical Source European countries, Russia, Holland, India (Rajasthan, MH) Cultivation and Collection Soil-light to heavy black sown-drilling method. harvesting-after 100 days India produces 70% global requi. (Rajasthan alone 70.0% pdt) rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

6. Macroscopic Characters Colour - yellowish - brown Odour - aromatic Taste - spicy and characteristic Size - 2-4 mm x 4-30 mm Shape - sub-globular Microscopic Characters epidermis of pericarp with stomata, calcium oxalate. Mesocarp of parenchyma, Starch, white volatile-oil rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

7. Chemical Constituents volatile oil (0.3 to 1%), fixed oil (13%), protein, coriandryl acetate, trace amount of i-borneol, geraniol and pinene, vitamin A (leaves) Standards sp. gr : 0.863 -0,875, refractive index : 1.462 -1.42 optical rotation : + 8" to + 15° Uses SAC and flavourning agent, purgatives Substitutes: Bombay coriander fruits rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

8. CARDAMOM Synonym Cardamom fruits, Cardamom seeds Biological Source It consists of dried ripe fruits of Elettaria cardamomum Maton var, family Zingiberaceae Geographical Source:- Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Malaysia, India Cultivation and Collection rainfall -150 to 600 cm altitude-600 to 1600 m temperature - 50° to 100° F. soil-variety of soils, moisture well-drained. sowing –seeds, germination (30 - 40%)-four months sown – broadcasting method rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

9. rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh Sowing -from August to October (7 to 8 weeks for germination) Bearing - third year, Flowering- in May upto August. fruits picked before ripening, collected capsules dried after harvesting avg life of cardamom plant about 20 to 25 years Macroscopic characters Colour-green or pale bulf Odour-aromatic, agreeable and pleasant Taste-strongly aromatic Size-2cm leangth Shape-ovoid/oblong Microscopic characters outer and inner epidermis, parenchymatousmesocarpalongwithfibrovascular bundles, outermost layer of testa contain highlyaromatic volatile oil, perisperm, endosperm, embryo, calcium oxalate crystals and starch grains

10. Chemical Constituents seeds contain volatile oil (2% to 8%) active constituent – cineole, terpineol, borneol, terpinene. other constituents - fixed oil, starch and proteins. Uses used as aromatic, carminative and stimulant, good flavouring agent and tincture Storage in well-closed container in cool places Substitutes and Adulterants Long wild native cardamom Korarima Cardamom rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

11. FENNEL Synonyms Fennel fruits, Fructusfoeniculum, Biological Source dried ripe fruits of FoeniculumvulgareMiller, family Umbelliferae Geographical Source Russia, Germany, France, India Cultivation and Collection soil – calcareous, well drained climate-sunny nearly 90% prod from Gujarat fruits -ripe, harvested, dried in sun rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

12. Macroscopic Characters Colour - Green to yellowish-brown Odour - Sweet aromatic Taste - Strongly aromatic Size - 5 to 10 x 2 to 4mm Shape - Straight/slight curved Microscopic Characters presence anomyocytic stomata on epidermis of pericarp (inner epidermis of pericarp is common to all umbelliferous fruits), mesocarp containing parenchyma, Vittae, volatile oil, endosperm containing fixed oil and minute rosette crystals of calcium oxalate absent trichomes and starch grains rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

13. Chemical consti. consists of of volatile oil(3 to 7%), proteins and fixed oil (20% each) chief active constituent of vol. oil as ketone, fenchone (about 20%) and phenolic ether anethole (about 50%, colourless pungent, aromatic odour) Standard fennel oil sp. gr. 0.953 to 0.973 refractive index: 1.526 -1.538 optical rotation: + 12° to+ 24°. Uses as carminative, aromatic, stimulant, expectorant, flavouring agent. Adulterants exhausted fennel fruits rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

14. rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh CLOVE Synonyms Clove flower; Clove buds Biological Source It consists of dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus, family Myrlaceae. Geographical Source indigenous to Amboyna and Molucca islands, Caribbean islands, Sri Lanka and India (Tamilnadu, Kerala) Cultivation and Collection Soil- rich loamy, sandy loam; Climate- warm humid rainfall - 150 to 250 cm; altitude - 900 m. propagation - seed germination; germination-4-5 weeks sown from August to October, in nursery beds fertilizers -ammonium sulphate, super phosphate and potas plant starts bearing after 7 to 8 years

15. Macroscopic Characters Colour - Crimson to dark brown Odour - Slightly aromatic Taste - Pungent and aromatic Size - 10-17.5 x 4 mm x 2mm Shape - hypanthium Microscopic Characters Epidermis with cuticle, anomocytic stomata, oil glands, phloem fibres, cluster crystals of calcium oxalate and stone cells, doesn’t contain starch rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

16. Chemical Constituents • volatile oil (15-20%), tannin 10-13% (gallotannic acid), resin, chromone and eugenin. • volatile oil contains eugenol (about 70 to 90%), eugenol acetate, caryophyllenes and trace of esters, ketones and alcohols. • Standards • specific gravity: 1.038 - 1.06, • refractive index: 1.527 - 1.535 • B.P: 250°C. • Chemical Test • T.S. Clove + strong KOH solution • observed needle-shaped crystals • of potassium eugenate rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

17. Uses As SAC, dental analgesic, flavouring agent, in cigarattes preparation, in perfumery Adultrants Mother cloves ; 2.Blown cloves Clove stalks Exhausted cloves Storage Clove and its powder should be stored in air-tight containers in cool and dry places rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

18. CINNAMON Synonyms Cinnamon bark; Kalmi-Dalchini Biological Source It consists of dried inner bark of shoots trees of CinnamomumzeyianicumNees., family Lauraceae Geographical Source native of Sri Lanka and India (Malabar coast), Jamaica and Brazil Cultivation, Collection propagatation - planting /seed, altitude - 800 to 1000 m rainfall of 200 - 250 cm sown - nursery beds (in June and July). germination -20 days and grown 10-12 months rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

19. rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh Macroscopic Characters Colour - dull yellowish-brown, Odour - Fragrant Size - 1 m x 1 cm Microscopic Characters absent cork and primary cortex, shows phloem, phloem fibres, biseriatemedullary rays and secretory cavities containing volatile oil and mucilage. Starch grains and calcium oxalate crystals Standards 1. Foreign organic matter- 2.0% 2. Total ash - 6.0% 3. Acid insoluble ash - 4.0% 4. Sulfatedash- 6.0%

20. rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh Chemical Constituents volatile oil(0.5 to 1.0 %), tannins (phlobatannins), mucilage/ calcium oxalate, starch Cinnamon oil contains of cinnamaldehyde(60 - 70 %), eugenol(5 - 10%), benzaldehyde, curninaldehyde and other terpenes like phellandrene, pinene, cymene, caryophyllene, etc. Chemical Test volatile oil + drop of ferric chloride -pale green colour Uses used as carminative, stomachic, mild astringent, flavouring agent, stimulant, aromatic, antiseptic. Also used as spice, condiment, preparation of candy, dentrifices and perfumes Substitutes and Adulterants Jungle cinnamon Cinnamon chips Java Cinnamon Storage Keep in well closed containers in cool place, away from light.

21. rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh NUTMEG Synonyms Myristica, Nux Moschata Biological Source It consists of dried kernels of Myristica fragrans Houtt. family Myristicaceae Geographical Source indigenous to Molucca islands, also in Indonesia, Caribbean islands and in India (Kerala,Tamilnadu) Macroscopical Characters Colour - greenish-brown Odour - strongly aromatic Taste - pungent and aromatic Size - 20 -30 mm x 20 mm Shape - ellipsoidal

22. rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh Chemical Constituents volatile oil (5-16%), fat(30%) vol. oil contains myristicin, elimicin and saffrole fixed oil as myristic, palmitic, oleic, lauric and other acids, fat as nutmeg butter other consti. as protein and starch Uses as SAC, flavouring ag, in soap industries, rheumatism Substitutes and Adulterants Myristica malabarica and Myristica argentea

23. Gingerpart used:- rhizomes Synonym :-Gingerin, Zingiber, Zingiberis Biological Source :-Zingiber oficinale (Family- Zingiberaceae) T.S. of Ginger.rhizome: o, cortex; v, endo-dermis; b, stele Chem. Consti. :-volatile oil, gingerol, shogaol, gingerone, zingiberene, aldehydes- ketone and aliphatic Uses :-aromatic, stimulant, carminative, cough, cold, asthma, motion sickness, flavor for beverages in spices and condiments rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh rmspharma@gmail.com

24. Black Pepper part used:- unripe fruits Synonym :-Black pepper fruit, Kalemire Biological Source :-Piper nigrum Linn., (Family- Piparaceae) Chem. Consti. :-alkaloid piperine, volatile oil, resin, piperidine, starch, l-phellandrene and caryophyllene Uses :-as aromatic, stimulant, stomachic, carminative, condiment, spice rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh rmspharma@gmail.com

25. AJOWAN Synonyms Bishop’s weed Biological Source It consists of dried ripe fruits of Trychyspermum ammi Sprague, family Umbelliferae. Geographical Source Egypt (native), Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India (M.P., U.P., MH) Macroscopical Characters Colour- yellowish- brown Odour- agreeable Taste- aromatic, warm Size- 1.7-3mm long x1.5-2.4mm broad x 0.5-1.5mm thick rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

26. Chemical Constituents volatile oil (2 to 4%), proteins, carbohydrates. Trace amount- tannin, glycoside, steroidal subs. Vol. oil s.a. thymol, p-cymene, terpinene, pinene, dipentenes. Uses used as antispasmodic, stimulant, carminative, in sor throat and bronchitis As antiseptic, antifungal, insecticide, anthelmintic Oil preferred as deodarant in mouth washes, tooth pastes, gargles. As flavouring ag for disinfectant soaps. Storage fruits are stored in well closed containers and in cool place rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

27. ASAFOETIDA Synonyms Dill fruits, Anethum, European Dill. Biological Source Dill consists of dried ripe fruits of Anethum graveolens Linn, family Umbelliferae. Geographical Source indigenous to South Europe, in England, Germany Macroscopical Characters Colour- yellowish/pale brown Odour- aromatic Taste- characteristic Shape- ovate Microscopical Characters Presence of mericarps, carpophores, endospermous rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

28. Chemical Constituents volatile oil (2.4 to 4%), fixed oil and proteins. chief consti.-volatile oil as carvone (43-63%), also dihydrocarvone, D-limonene, phellandrene and other terpenes. Uses used as aromatic, stimulant, carminative, in gastric disturbances of infants and children. in preparation of dill water, gripe water and also flavouring agent. Substitutes Anethum sowa. Storage Dill fruits are stored in well closed containers and in cool place rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

29. DILL Synonyms Dill fruits, Anethum, European Dill. Biological Source Dill consists of dried ripe fruits of Anethum graveolens Linn, family Umbelliferae. Geographical Source indigenous to South Europe, in England, Germany Macroscopical Characters Colour- yellowish/pale brown Odour- aromatic Taste- characteristic Shape- ovate Microscopical Characters Presence of mericarps, carpophores, endospermous rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

30. Chemical Constituents volatile oil (2.4 to 4%), fixed oil and proteins. chief consti.-volatile oil as carvone (43-63%), also dihydrocarvone, D-limonene, phellandrene and other terpenes. Uses used as aromatic, stimulant, carminative, in gastric disturbances of infants and children. in preparation of dill water, gripe water and also flavouring agent. Substitutes Anethum sowa. Storage Dill fruits are stored in well closed containers and in cool place rmspharma@gmail.com @maharudra rakh

31. Thank u!