Impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis (FC): Canada Economy and Finance Employment and Economic security Human Development

1. Topic 1: Global Impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis (FC): Comparing Canada and the Third World Countries (One county or the Developing World in general, with examples on countries) Framework: Formulate a framework using the arguments and concepts from one or more Kit Articles 1-5 and from Term 1 lecture 5 on Financial Crisis.

2. Thesis: While the 2008 financial crisis that originated in the US, had severe economic and financial repercussions on the core countries (the US and the European), the regulatory regimes of the Canadian financial institutions limited Canada’s exposure to the crisis and minimized its adverse impact on the economy and employment. In contrast, the Third world countries where most people are already poor, faced worsening of poverty due to their declining GDP, loss of export trade and growing unemployment that led to greater poverty.

3. Impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis (FC): Canada • Economy and Finance • Employment and Economic security • Human Development and Poverty

4. Canada: Financial Crisis of 2008 (FC) • Economy and Finance • 1. FC: less impact than in other AICs. Credit  has solid growth as • Canada’s financial institutions are better capitalized and less • leveraged than their international counterparts. Canadian financial • institutions continue to be the healthiest in the world. World Economic • Forum has ranked Canada’s banking system as the soundest • in the world for 3 consecutive years. • 2. Strong growth in world prices of most commodities produced in • Canada since mid-2010 • 3. Canada’s sound fundamentals have made Canadian financial assets • attractive to international investors

5. http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/03/speeches/great-recession-canada-perception-reality/http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/03/speeches/great-recession-canada-perception-reality/

6. 2012: http://www.budget.gc.ca/2012/plan/toc-tdm-eng.html

7. http://www.budget.gc.ca/2011/plan/chap2-eng.html

8. The six largest domestic banks hold > 90% of banking industry assets. This adds to the banking industry’s stability • In 2006, sub-prime loans accounted for less than 5% of new mortgages in Canada, compared to 22% in the United States. • While >50% of all mortgage debts outstanding in the US were sold to investors through securitization, >75% of Canadian mortgages were held by financial institutions on their balance sheet as traditional mortgages

9. Subprime Subprime is a classification of borrowers with a tarnished or limited credit history. Lenders will use a credit scoring system to determine which loans a borrower may qualify for. Subprime loans are usually classified as those where the borrower has a credit score below 640. Subprime loans carry more credit risk, and as such, will carry higher interest rates as well. Approximately 25% of mortgage originations in US are classified as subprime. Subprime lending encompasses a variety of credit types, including mortgages, auto loans, and credit cards.

10. However, the downside: • Stock markets registered their greatest drops in more than 75 years. • As the contagion spreads, it directly affected our exports to the US. Three-quarters of our exports go to US markets. Sharp decline in exports - decrease by >16 % in 2010. • Capital investments declined due to uncertainty in a weakening financial markets with shaken consumer and business confidence: 22 % downturn in business investments in 2010

11. http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/03/speeches/great-recession-canada-perception-reality/http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/03/speeches/great-recession-canada-perception-reality/

12. www.bankofcanada.ca/wp.../2013/01/mpr-summary-2013-01-23.pdf

13. http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/03/speeches/great-recession-canada-perception-reality/http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/03/speeches/great-recession-canada-perception-reality/

14. Impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis (FC): Canada • Economy and Finance • Employment and Economic security • Human Development and Poverty

15. Canada: Employment losses were much less serious than during earlier recessions - jobs regained sooner But, only partial recovery of business investment (45%) and exports (67%) from the losses due to the recession. Jobs linked to these sectors have not come back .

16. 2012: http://www.budget.gc.ca/2012/plan/toc-tdm-eng.html

17. http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/03/speeches/great-recession-canada-perception-reality/http://www.bankofcanada.ca/2011/03/speeches/great-recession-canada-perception-reality/

18. 2012 http://www.budget.gc.ca/2012/plan/toc-tdm-eng.html

19. Impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis (FC): Canada • Economy and Finance • Employment and Economic security • Human Development and Poverty

20. III. Human Development and Poverty • In US, 2 of the Detroit-based auto companies receive • loan guarantees of $17 billion and $4 billion from the • Canadian Federal and Ontario provincial governments. • Ford received a line of credit. Without them, millions of • workers will lose their jobs in Canada. • Feminized sectors & women workers left out in job creation: Investment in ‘infrastructure’ for repairing and constructing roads, bridges and buildings, and bailing out the Detroit Three is job creation that amounts to ‘jobs for boys,’ as far fewer women work in such industries.

21. Human Development and Poverty (cont’d) • Public Spending on the poorer families and children: • Instead of assisting the unemployed, the poor on welfare and income supplement by not cutting them back in the govt budgets: • Canadian government helped Canada’s banks. – swapped hundreds of billions of dollars for questionable assets held by banks • $85-billion cumulative deficit over five years for the bail out - “Insured Mortgage Purchase Program” lists the $75-billion CMHC buyout • $ 45-billion is being provided to further backstop mortgage lending by banks

22. Impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis (FC): DW • Economy and Finance • Employment and Economic security • Human Development and Poverty

24. Economy: (OXFAM study) Asia and the Pacific, especially in Central and South-East Asia GDP growth dropped in 2008 and 2009. India, Indonesia, Thailand, Viet Nam, the Philippines, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka where the poor populations predominate. China:state control and high foreign exchange reserves have given greater flexibility to control the crisis. Newly industrialized countries: South Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau: high per capita incomes, high degrees of trade and investment integration with the world, highly export dependent. But, they have fiscal and social policies to deal with declining exports & increasing unemployment. Less developed countries :Bangladesh, Cambodia, Bhutan, Lao PDR, Mongolia, and Nepal: increasingly integrated with the global and regional economy through trade. Worsening economies 2010 GDP in sub-Saharan Africa : Fell 7% ($84 billion). (International Monetary Fund (IMF) data and forecasts, 2011 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/update/01/index.htm)

25. Financial stability in DW: The region’s financial sector had no complex new financial instruments (such as in US: Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO) Credit Default Swap (CDS)) Effective financial supervision and prudent risk management Foreign exchange reserves have been built up in Asia based on export surpluses (e.g. China), and on capital inflows or remittances (e.g. in the cases of Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, and Viet Nam). However: FDI fell significantly.  Banking stresses in low income countries e.g., non-performing loans (NPLs) to total assets ratio doubled in Zambia (7% to 13% during 2009.

26. Impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis (FC): DW • Economy and Finance • Employment and Economic security • Human Development and Poverty

27. Employment: The greatest impact on employment was in the garment and mining industries. Jobs lost: In 2009. 25,000 to 30,000 garments workers’ jobs lost in Bangladesh. In 2009, Cambodia lost a third of garment workers (102,527 jobs) A third of Zambia ‘s mining jobs lost:10,000 Three quarters of miners in DRC (18,000 people) lost jobs Cambodia has been hit hard with job losses in garments, tourism, and construction industries. Philippines: most lay-offs in export processing zones (EPZs) - 75 % are women workers Thailand: 125,700 women (I in 4 export industries) laid off or lost regular work that turned temporary. 

28. In Indonesia and Thailand: (Oxfam evidence) Using crisis as an excuse: Factories dismissed workers in order to hire younger, cheaper workers. In Serang, Indonesia, in one factory, 79 employees with 8 to 14 years seniority were dismissed Then, hired younger workers with flexible, lower paid short-term contracts, apprenticeships, and for outsourcing.

29. Impact of the 2008 Financial Crisis (FC): DW • Economy and Finance • Employment and Economic security • Human Development and Poverty

30. Human Development in DW: • Families : In Indonesia: If with jobs, give up meat or fish. • Women now unemployed - only food twice a day instead of three times - eat less at each meal. • Forego food to give food to their children or husbands • Watered down the milk to babies and feeding children less • No money for school meals • For the first three months my kids found it very difficult to give up rice, tempe, and tofu and just eat soup and the cheapest thing. • – (Dismissed worker in a focus group discussion, Indonesia) • My husband and I skip meals to make sure our baby has milk. • – (Woman in focus group discussion, the Philippines) • Men deserve to eat more food because they are physically stronger, do hard work on the farm, and earn income for the family. • – (Focus group discussion, Viet Nam)

31. Human Development: In Cambodia, 70% of the poor took out loans from relatives or friends, or bought food on credit. Parents in urban areas in Indonesia report eating less and selling assets to keep their children in school. “It is better for us not to eat than for our kids not to go to school.” – (Woman in a focus group discussion, Indonesia)