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ARGUMENTATION AND LOGIC

ARGUMENTATION AND LOGIC. TOK LAJM. TASK. Choose some thing that is important to you E.g. a hobby, an athlete, an artist or a band Try give reasons to your neighbour(s) why the thing you chose is good Write down your reasons. TASK. What were you actually trying to do in the previous task?

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ARGUMENTATION AND LOGIC

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  1. ARGUMENTATION AND LOGIC TOK LAJM

  2. TASK • Choose some thing that is important to you • E.g. a hobby, an athlete, an artist or a band • Try give reasons to your neighbour(s) why the thing you chose is good • Write down your reasons

  3. TASK • What were you actually trying to do in the previous task? • You were trying to give an argument!

  4. What is an argument? • All arguments must have a main point and reason(s) that support it

  5. What is an argument? PREMISE(S) (P1–Pn) – reasons of an argument that support the main point (P1) Elvis had a distinctive voice REASONING (P2) Elvis gave huge concerts (C) Elvis was a great artist CONCLUSION (C) – the main point of an argument

  6. TASK • Transform your argument into the following form: • Premises (P1–Pn) • Conclusion (C) • Write down your argument accurately • Evaluate your reasoning

  7. What makes up agood argument? • (1) All the premises are true • (2) Premises support the conclusion i.e. reasoning is not flawed • PLEASE NOTE! Premises can be true or false, but an argument cannot be true or false • Argument can be good or bad

  8. Truth and validity • Truth • What is the case? • Property of the premises • Validity • Does the conclusion follow from the premises? • Property of the reasoning process The validity of an argument is independent of the truth or falsity of the premises it contains

  9. Deductivereasoning • The truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion • The conclusion must necessarily follow from the premises Logically valid

  10. Deductive reasoning (P1) All men are mortal (P2) Elvis is a man (C) Elvis is a mortal

  11. TASK • Evaluate the deductive arguments in the teacher’s handout • Are the deductive arguments logically valid or not and why?

  12. Twoforms of logically VALID deductivearguments MODUS PONENS (P1) If A, the B (P2) A (C) B B X A CORRECT!

  13. Twoforms of logically VALID deductivearguments MODUS TOLLENS (P1) If A, then B (P2) Not B (C) Not A B A CORRECT! X

  14. Twoforms of logicallyINVALID deductivearguments DENYING THE ANTECEDENT (P1) If A, then B (P2) Not A (C) Not B B X A ERROR!

  15. Twoforms of logicallyINVALID deductivearguments AFFIRMINGTHE CONSEQUENT (P1) If A, then B (P2) B (C) A B X A ERROR!

  16. Inductive reasoning • The truth of the premises makes the conclusion probable • The conclusion doesn’t necessarily follow from the premises Statistical generalizations

  17. Inductive reasoning • (P1) I’ve seen thousandsof ravens • (P2) All the ravens I’ve seen have been black (C) All the ravens are black

  18. TASK • How to make good inductive arguments? • What distinguishes good generalizations from bad ones? • Number of instances • Variety of circumstances • Exceptions, counter-examples • Coherence • Subject area, AOK

  19. Abductive reasoning • Reasoning from the available sources to the best possible explanation Argument of best explanation

  20. Abductive reasoning (P1) A man was found dead in a remote cabin (P2) All the doors and the windows were shut from inside (P3) The man was hanging from a rope (C) The man had committed a suicide

  21. Key principles in abduction • Simplicity • Consistency • Testability • Coverage

  22. Induction and abduction • Induction and abduction can overlap • In searching for the best possible explanation, statistical generalizations can be used • In both cases the premises do NOT guarantee the truth of the conclusion • The premises just make the conclusion more likely or warranted

  23. Fallacy • An invalid pattern of argument, an error in reasoning • May occur in any type of reasoning

  24. GROUP WORK • How can our reasoning be flawed? • Form 10 groups • Define and create examples of the most common fallacies with the help of the teacher’s instructions • Upload your results to OneNote and prepare to present them to others

  25. A critical thinker • Is aware of different ways of argumentation and various fallacies • Uses source criticism • Pursues intellectual integrity

  26. CARS checklist

  27. TASK • What are the ways of knowing argumentation and logic can relate to? • What are the areas of knowledge argumentation and logic can relate to?

  28. TASK • Is there a way of knowing, area of knowledge or area of life where rational argumentation cannot be applied?

  29. Picture Sources • Usain Bolt in Rio 2016 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-17/cameron-spencer-takes-smiling-usain-bolt-photo-rio-olympics/7751724> Accessed 24th of August 2016. • Cartoonargument 1<https://rosariobrumley.wordpress.com/2012/05/08/what-it-means-to-shape-an-argument/> Accessed 24th of August 2016. • Cartoonargument 2<http://www.edu.helsinki.fi/malu/kirjasto/yto/vaittely/> Accessed 5th of April 2016 • Argument as a house<http://quotesgram.com/quotes-about-logical-thinking> Accessed 5th of April 2016

  30. Picture Sources • Weapons of MassDeduction <https://www.pinterest.com/pin/120682464991674637/> Accessed 19th of June 2016. • Elvis<http://www.clker.com/clipart-elvis-presley-.html> Accessed 24th of August 2016. • Sherlock Holmes <http://allegator.deviantart.com/art/New-Sherlock-Holmes-278127565> Accessed 19th of June 2016. • Raven<https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Common_Raven/id> Accessed 24th of August 2016. • Albinoraven<https://fi.pinterest.com/museignited/crow-raven-totem-spirit-animal/> Accessed 24th of August 2016.

  31. Picture Sources • Sherlock Holmes and doctor Watson<http://pdlstacks.blogspot.fi/2014_06_01_archive.html> Accessed 5th of August 2016. • Sherlock Holmes’ silhouette<https://pixabay.com/fi/sherlock-holmes-etsivä-suurennuslasi-147255/> Accessed 5th of August 2016. • Sherlock Holmes playing theviolin<http://everythingsherlock.com/sherlock-holmes-violin/> Accessed 5th of August 2016. • Logicalfallacymeme<http://www.skepticalraptor.com/skepticalraptorblog.php/logical-fallacies/> Accessed 25th of August 2016. • Don’traiseyourvoice, improveyourargument<https://www.askideas.com/dont-raise-your-voice-improve-your-argument-desmond-tutu/> Accessed 15th of April 2016.

  32. Picture Sources • Demandevidence and thinkcritically<https://fi.pinterest.com/explore/critical-thinking/> Accessed 25th of August 2016. • Questions a criticalthinkerasks<http://www.educatorstechnology.com/2014/12/critical-thinking-questions-students.html> Accessed 18th of August 2016. • 6 criticalquestions<http://www.educatorstechnology.com/2014/12/critical-thinking-questions-students.html> Accessed 18th of August 2016. • CARS Checlistvan de Lagemaat, Richard: Theory of Knowledge for the IB Diploma, Second edition, Cambridge University Press 2015, page69 • TOK curriculum<http://www.amyscott.com/ToK.html> Accessed 2nd of August 2016. • Berational – getreal<http://rationallyspeaking.blogspot.fi/2011/11/difference-between-rationality-and.html> Accessed 29th of August 2016.

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