Years of Crisis (1919-1939)

1. Years of Crisis (1919-1939) In this presentation we will discuss The Post War A Worldwide Depression Fascism Rises in Europe Aggressors Invade Nations Ashley Goodwin 1st Block Dr. Linebarger Chapter 31 Power Point Project

2. Postwar • In the Postwar period people began questioning traditional beliefs. Some people found answers in new scientific developments, which challenged the way people looked at the world. As the society became more open, women demanded more rights and young people adopted new values.

4. A New Revolution in Science • Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud ideas had a big impact on the 20th century. Albert Einstein was born in Germany. He offered startling new ideas on space, time, energy, and matter. In 1905, Einstein theorized that while the speed of light is constant, other things that seem constant, such as space and time are not. Since relative motion is the key to Einstein’s idea, it is called the Theory of Relativity.

5. Sigmund Freud • Sigmund Freud ideas were as revolutionary as Einstein’s. Freud treated patients with psychological problems. He constructed a theory about the human mind. He believed that much of human behavior is irrational, or beyond reason.

6. Einstein and Sigmund Freud

7. Literature in the 1920’s • The brutality of World War I caused philosophers and writers to question accepted ideas about reason and progress. Many people also feared the future and expressed doubts about traditional religious beliefs. In 1922, T.S. Eliot, an American poet living in England, wrote that western society had lost its spiritual values. He described the postwar as a barren “wasteland”, “drained of hope and faith”. • The horror of war made a deep impression on many writers. In the search for meaning in an uncertain world, some people turned to the philosophy known as existentialism. A major leader of this movement was the philosopher Jean Paul Sartre of France. Existentialists believed that there is no universal meaning to life. Each person creates his or her own meaning in life through choices made by actions taken.

8. Jean Paul Sartre

9. Revolution in the Arts • During this period many new directions in painting and music began in the prewar period, they evovled after the war. • Surrealism, is an art movement that sought to link the world of dreams with real life, this came from Freud’s idea’s. This caused surrealists to call on the unconciuos part of their minds. Many of their paintings have an eerie, dreamlike quality and depict objects in unrealistic ways.

10. Society Changes/ Women’s Roles Changes • World War I disrupted social patterns. The war allowed women to take on new roles. After the war, women suffrage became a law in many countries including the United States,Britian, Sweden, and Austria. Women abandoned restrictive clothes and hairstyles. They also wore makeup, drove cars, and drank and smoked in public. • Margaret Sanger and Emma Goldman risked arrest by speaking in favor of birth control. Women looked for new jobs, and the number of women in medicine, education, journalism, and other professions increased

11. Margaret Sanger Emma Goldman

12. Technology Advances • During World War I, scientists developed new drugs and medical treatments that helped millions of people in Post War years. These technology advances were used to improve transportation and communication after the war.

13. Automobile • The automobile benefited from a host of wartime innovations and improvements electric starters, air filled tires, and more powerful engines. Cars now had headlights and chrome platted bumpers. British factories produced 34,000 cars in 1913. After the war car prices dropped and middle class could afford cars. • By 1937 the British were producing 511,000 cars a year. Increased auto use by the average family led to lifestyle changes. Most traveled for pleasure . The auto also affected where people lived and work. People moved to the suburbs and commuted to work in the cities.

14. 1913 and 1937 Model Automobiles

15. Airplanes Introduced • International air travel became a main object/tool after the War . In 1919, two British pilots made the first successful flight across the Atlantic, from Newfoundland to Ireland. • In 1927, an American pilot named Charles Lindbergh Captured world attention with a 33-hour solo flight from New York to Paris. Most of the worlds passenger airlines were established during the 1920’s. At first only the rich were able to afford air travel.

16. 1927 Airplane and Charles Lindbergh

17. Radio and Movies Become Popular • The real development for radio came during World War I. In 1920, the world’s first commercial radio station- KDKA in Pittsburg Pennsylvania began broadcasting. • Motion pictures were also major industry in the 1920’s. Many countries from Cuba, to Japan, produced movies. The king of Hollywood’s silent screen was the English born Charlie Chaplin, a comic genius best known for his portrayal of the lonely little tramp bewildered by life. In the late 1920’s, the addition if sound transformed movies.

18. KDKA Radio Stationand Charlie Chaplin

19. A Worldwide Depression • During the late 1920’s European nations were rebuilding war economies. Only the United States and Japan came out of the war in better economic shape than before the war.

20. Postwar Europe • In both human suffering and economic terms, the results of the World War I were immense. The war left every major European country nearby bankrupt. And Europe’s domination in world affairs declined after the war.

21. Unstable New Democracies • From 1914 to 1918, Europe’s last absolute rulers had been overthrown. The first of the new government in Russia were formed in 1917. • The Provisional Government hoped to establish constitutional and democratic rule. Unfortunately within months it fell to a Communist dictatorship. Even though this happened most European nations had democratic governments.

22. Unstable New Democracies (Continued) • Many citizens of the new democracies had little experience with representative government. In Austria- Hungry, France and Italy I was almost impossible for one party/candidate to win enough support to govern effectively. • When no single party won a majority, a coalition government, or temporary alliance of several parties, was needed to form a parliamentary majority. The parties disagreed on so many policies that coalitions rarely stayed together long. • Frequent changes in government made it hard for democratic countries to develop strong leadership and move toward long-term goals. The weakness of a coalition government became a major problem in times of crisis. Voters in a lot of countries were willing to give up a strong democratic government for strong, authoritarian leadership.

23. Germany’s new democratic was set up in 1919. Known as Weimar Republic it was named after the city where the national assembly met. The Weimar Republic had serious weakness from the beginning, First Germany lacked a strong democratic tradition. And postwar Germany had a lot of political parties and many minor ones. On top of all this a lot of the German’s began to blame the government for all of the problems they were currently going through. Germany also faced enormous economic problems that had begun during the war. Germany had not greatly increased it’s taxes during war. To pay the expenses for the war the Germans just printed out some money. After Germany’s defeat this money lost it’s value quickly. Germans needed more and more money to buy just the basic needs of the country. People took a lot of money to buy food. And as a result of this many German’s began to question the value of their new democratic government. The Weimar War Inflation Causes Crisis in Germany

24. Weimar War

25. Trying To Gain Economic Stability • Germany recovered from the 1923 inflation thanks to an international committee. The committee which was ran by Charles Dawes an American banker. The Dawes plan provided a two hundred million loan from banks in America to stabilize German currency and to strengthen it’s economy. • In 1924 the Dawes Plan helped slow down inflation. The German economy began to recover this attracted more loans and investments from the United States. By 1929 German factories were producing as much as they had before the war.

26. Charles Dawes

27. In the late 1920s American economic prosperity largely sustained the world economy. If the U.S. economy weakened the whole world’s economic system might collapse. In 1929 it did. Despite prosperity several weaknesses in the U.S. economy caused serious problems. These included uneven distribution of wealth, overproduction by business and agriculture, and the fact that many Americans were buying less. By 1929 American factories were turning out nearly half of the world’s industrial goods. Sixty percent of all American families earned at less than $2,000 a year. This caused most of the families to be to poor to be able to purchase any goods being produced. Being unable to sell their items most stores cut back on the amount of items they were ordering from factories. This caused factories to reduce the number of workers and production. This caused a downward spiral of the economy. Workers lost their jobs and families bought even less amounts of goods. This caused factories to make more cuts in their productions and lay off more employees. Overproduction also affected farmers. American farmers were producing more and more food. They faced competition with farmers in Australia, Latin America, and Europe. A worldwide surplus of agricultural products drove prices and profits down. Being unable to sell their crops at a profit many farmers could not pay off the bank loans that helped keep them on their feet. Their unpaid bills etc caused the banks to weaken and forced some banks to close. Financial Collapse

28. Stock Market Crashes!! • In September 1929 some investors noticed that the stock prices where really higher than normal. The economy started to settle their stocks, because they thought that the prices would go down soon. • By Thursday October 24 the slow lowering of stock prices had started an slide downward to an bad economy. As a result people began to panic. Everyone wanted to sell their stocks, but no one wanted to purchase any. Prices dropped to an even lower level on Tuesday, October 29. record of 16 million stocks were sold. Then the market collapsed.

29. The Great Depression • A long business slump was known a the Great Depression. The stock market did not cause the Great Depression by itself but it quickened the collapse of the economy and made the depression more difficult. By 1932, factory production was cut in half. Thousands of business had failed and banks had closed. • Around 9 million people lost the money in their saving accounts when banks had no money to pay for them. Many farmers lost their land when they could not pay their mortgage payments. By 1933 one-fourth of all American workers had no jobs. • Because of war debts and dependence on American loans and investments, Germany and Austria were particularly were affected. In 1931 Austria’s largest bank had failed. In Asia both farmers an urban workers suffered as the value of the exports fell by half between 1929 and 1931. • The crash in the economy was felt heavily in Latin America. Europe and the United States demanded for Latin American products such as: sugar, beef and cooper.

30. The Great Depression

31. World Confront Crisis The Depression confronted democracies with a lot of serious challenges to their economic and political systems. Each country solved their problems in different ways. The Great Depression affected Britain greatly. To take care of the emergency British voters elected a multiparty coalition known as the National Government. It passed high protective tariffs, increased taxes, and regulated the currency. It also lowered interests rates to encourage industrial growth. By 1937, unemployment had been cut in half, and production had risen above 1929 levels. Britain avoided political extremes and preserved democracy. In 1932, in the first presidential election after the Depression had begun, U.S. voters elected Franklin D Roosevelt. On March 14, 1933, the new president sought to restore America’s faith in their nation. Roosevelt began an program of government reform that he called the New Deal. Large public works projects helped to provide jobs for the unemployed. New government agencies gave financial help to businesses and farms. Large amounts of money were spent on welfare and relief programs. The New Deal did reform the American economic system. France had a more self sufficient economy. By 1935, one million French workers were unemployed. The crisis contributed to political instability. In 1933, five coalition governments formed and fell. In 1936 moderates, Socialists, and Communists formed a coalition. The Popular Front passed a series of reforms to help workers. Price increases quickly offset wage gains. Unemployment remained high. France also preserved democratic government. Britain United States France

32. Franklin D. Roosevelt

33. Fascism Rises in Europe • Fascism was a militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to it’s leader. Unlike fascism had no clearly defined theory or program. Most Fascists shared several ideas. They preached an extreme form of nationalism, or loyalty to one’s country. Fascists believed that nations must struggle and that peaceful states would be conquered soon. • Fascists did not seek a classless society. They believed that each class had its place and function. In most cases, Fascist parties were made up of aristocrats and industrialists, war veterans, and the lower middle class. Fascists were nationalists. • Fascism rise in Italy was faced by bitter disappointment over the failure to win larger territorial gains at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. The rise in inflation and unemployment also caused an widespread affect of social unrest.

34. Fascists Want a Change • Fascists wanted a leader who would take action. A newspaper editor and politician named Benito Mussolini boldly promised to rescue Italy by reviving it’s economy and rebuilding its armed forces. Mussolini had founded the Fascists party in 1919. As economic problems got worse he became more popular. Soon Mussolini talked bad about the government in public. Groups o Fascists that wore black t-shirts attacked Communists and Socialists on the streets. Mussolini paid attention to the fear of workers revolt, he won support from the middle class, the aristocracy and industrial leaders. • In October 1922, about 30,000 Fascists marched on Rome. They demanded King Victor Emmanuel III to put Mussolini in charge of the government. The king decided that Mussolini was the best hope for the dynasty to survive. Soon Mussolini took power over the government “legally.” • Mussolini got rid of democracy and outlawed all political parties except for the Fascists. Mussolini outlawed strikes. He wanted to control the economy by allying the Fascists with the industrialists and landowners with a lot of land. Mussolini never had total control because of Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler in Germany.

35. Benito Mussolini

36. Hitler Gains Power In Germany • In 1919 Hitler joined a tiny right-wing political group. This group had the same belief that Germany had to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and combat communism. It’s policies formed the German brand of fascism known as Nazism. The group adopted the swastika, of hooked cross, as its symbol. The Nazis also set up a private militia called the “Storm Troopers” or “Brown Shirts” • Hitler’s success as an organizer and speaker led him to be chosen der Fuehrer, or the leader of the Nazi party. Hitler and the Nazis plotted to seize power in Munich in 1923. His attempt failed and Hitler was arrested. He was supposed to serve five years in prison but he served less than nine months. • While Hitler was in jail he wrote Mein Kompf. This book set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany. Hitler believed that non-Aryan “races” such as Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies were lower than everyone else. He called the Versailles Treaty an outrage and voted to regain German lands. Hitler also stated that Germany was overcrowded and that it needed more lebensraum, or living space. He promised to get that space by conquering eastern Europe and Russia. • When America stopped giving loans the German economy collapsed. This caused the Germans to turn to Hitler for security and leadership.

37. Hitler is Chancellor • An chancellor the prime minister or president in certain countries. • The Nazis had become the largest political party by 1932. January 1933 President Paul von Hindenburg named Hitler chancellor. This made Hitler to come to power legally. • When Hitler got I office he called for new elections in hopes to win a parliamentary majority. Just six days before the election, fire destroyed the Reichstag building, where the parliament met. A lot of people blamed the on the Communists, the Nazis and their allies won the election by a little bit. Hitler used his power to turn Germany into a totalitarian state. He banned all other political parties and had opponents arrested. An elite black- uniformed unit called the SS (Schutzstaffe) or an protection team was created. They were to only be loyal to Hitler.

38. Hitler And The Nazis

39. The SS Become Stronger and Stronger • In 1934, the SS arrested and murdered hundreds of Hitler’s enemies. The violence etc from the Gestapo, the Nazi secret police shocked most Germans and had them in total obedience. The Nazis took control of the economy very quickly. The new laws banned strikes an got rid of individual labor unions, and gave the government over business and labor. Hitler put millions of people to work. They made factories, built highways, created weapons, and fought in the war. This caused the unemployment rates to drop from 6 million to 1.5 million in 1936.

40. Hitler Continues To Control • Hitler wanted more than just economic and political power, he wanted to have control over every Germans life. To gain the publics side Hitler used commercials, radio stations, the press, literature, paintings, and film. Books that did not contain Nazi beliefs were to be burned. Churches could not talk badly about the actions of the Nazis and the government. Kids in school had to join Hitler Youth (for boys) or League of German Girls. Hating the Jews was one of the main concerns for the Nazis. Jews were less than one percent (1%) of the nation but they were still blamed for all of the problems Germany was going through since the war. Hatred toward the Jews was also known as anti-Semitism and this began to spread quickly throughout Germany. In 1933, the Nazis passed a law that took away most of Jews rights.

41. Violence Against Jews • Violence against the Jews became worse and worse. On November 9,1938 Nazi parties attacked Jews in their homes and destroyed thousands of their buildings. This event was known as “Night of the Broken Glass” and this event trigged a bad life for the Jews living in Germany from then on.

42. Aggressors Invade Nations • During the 1920’s, the Japanese government became more democratic. In 1922, Japan signed the international treaty agreeing to respect China’s borders. In 1928 it signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war. As long as Japan remained prosperous, the civilian government kept power.. When the Great Depression hit many people blamed it on the government. • Military leaders gained support and soon won control over the country. Just like Hitler and Mussolini, Japan militarists were extreme nationalists. They wanted to restore traditional control of the government to the military.

43. Japan Invades Manchuria • In 1931 the Japanese army seized Manchuria. They then began to build mines and factories. This attack was the first direct challenge to the League of Nations. By the early 1930’s the League included all democracies except the United States, and it also included Germany, Japan and Italy. Japan withdrew from the league in 1933

44. Closing Credits • Thank you for viewing my power point presentation over chapter 31 “Years of Crisis” from your textbook. I hoped you have gained some knowledge on some of the most important years in history. • Ashley Goodwin • All Pictures From: www.google.com • Al Information From: World History Textbook Chapter 31