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CHANGE & NEW BEGINNINGS. The Interwar Years (1919-1939). PROBLEMS. How was society affected by the aftermath of war?. RECONSTRUCTION. " Don't be angry, just be amazed," was the calling card left by Germans on the destroyed town hall of Péronne. German cemetery at Bethune. MAIN IDEA?.
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CHANGE & NEW BEGINNINGS The Interwar Years(1919-1939) PROBLEMS How was society affected by the aftermath of war? RECONSTRUCTION
"Don't be angry, just be amazed," was the calling card left by Germans on the destroyed town hall of Péronne.
MAIN IDEA? Germany, 1923
What might you want if you lived in a country with these conditions? Economic problems made people want CHANGEA new form of government emerges in Europe…
Rise of Totalitarian Governments(to control all aspects of life) POLITICAL SOCIAL ECONOMIC • State more important than individuals • 1-PARTY • Dictator • Citizens denied basic rights • Secret Police to enforce policies • GOV controls business • Business & labor exists to fulfill state objectives (communism)
Case Studies: USSR: Joseph Stalin Italy: Benito Mussolini Germany: Adolf Hitler LENIN
Case Studies: Totalitarianism • GOAL(S) • METHOD • OUTCOME
Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution • Poor economic conditions • Bolsheviks (communists) • Led by Lenin (Reds) • Overthrow capitalism (& czar) • Promises: • Peace (WWI), land, bread • Creation of the USSR • Union of Soviet Socialists Republics
Case Study: VI Lenin • Goal: Communism • Methods: • revolution • distributes land to peasants • surplus food distributed • factories controlled by workers (public ownership) • Cheka = secret police; Red Army • Outcome/Effects: • Low production • Switches goal: New Economic Policy • Allow for some private enterprise • Peasants may sell surplus • Economy improves
Economic Systems answer the following questions: • What to produce • How to produce? • Who to produce for? Economic Systems DIFFER in deciding WHO is making these decisions!
Why was Communism appealing?(How do you get there?) 1st Step: Encourages proletariat to REVOLT and take control of the factors of production! 2nd Step: “Dictatorship of the proletariat” 3rd Step: A classless society will emerge where all people share wealth and power; working cooperatively for the “common good” 4th Step: (pure communism): government withers away (NEVER HAPPENED!)
Lenin Dies(1924) POWER STRUGGLE Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky Supported by Communist Party Murdered in Mexico by a Stalinist agent
Goals • Methods • Effects
Joseph Stalin~“Man of Steel” 1. Personal Glorification 2. “Five-Year” Plans 3. Collectivization Goals
“Let's send millions of qualified worker cadres to the 518 new factories and production units”
Goal: to make the SU a modern industrial power Mass production; economic growth Strategy: Command Economy ~ ALL economic activity under gov control Results: Peasants kill animals, destroy tools, burn crops Angry peasants grow just enough to survive Gov seizes grain starvation/famine Execution of kulaks or death from being overworked Stalin = “Man of Steel”Program #2: Five Year Plans
Goal: Revolution in agriculture Strategy: forced peasants to give up plots of land/animals and live on state owned farms (collectives) Kulaks (wealthy peasants) targets Sent to labor camps Gulags Results: Peasants kill animals, destroy tools, burn crops Angry peasants grow just enough to survive Gov seizes grain starvation/famine Execution of kulaks or death from being overworked Stalin = “Man of Steel”Program #3: Collectivization
Goal: Personal Glorigification; eliminate threats to rule Paranoia Methods: Cheka ~ Secret Police Targets: Political rivals, ethnic groups, religious leaders, ordinary people, kulaks (landowners) Gulags (labor camps), trials Results: 4 mill purged; 800,000 executed Purged 90% of nation’s military officers Rule by FEAR Stalin = “Man of Steel”Program #1: Purges & Glorification
Goal: To attain complete devotion, respect and love (worship) Strategy: Youth organizations; military edu Statues/icons of Stalin Atheism: belief in no god replaced Christianity Churches/synagogues seized; priests killed Sacred Text: Writings of Marx, Lenin Results: MIXED! Stalin = “Man of Steel”Program #1: Personal Glorification
BELIEVE, OBEY, FIGHT (Mussolini’s slogan!)
Benito MussoliniIl Duce – “the leader;” founds National Fascist PartyPrime Minister -1922
Mussolini is NOT a communist • People have the right to own private property • Dictator may control your business • He does not promise equality or collective ownership
Fasces: ancient Roman symbol for unity/strength of state EMBLEM of Fascist Party
Conditions in Italy – Post-WWI • Unemployment • Poverty • Political weakness - Versailles
Roman Empire - 200 Glory of the past!
“War is to the male as childbearing is to the female” Mussolini’s Solutions
Mussolini, 1932 “The League of Nations has been an Anglo-French tool to maintain Anglo-French dominance in the world. There is no advantage for us in maintaining the peace as it was formulated at Versailles. It is our interest to set the Nations and history on the move.” What is Mussolini’s opinion on the League of Nations?
Case Study: Mussolini • Goal: • To make Italy a powerful nation • Methods: • Fascism, to imperialize, ignore Versailles, German alliance • Effects: • Economy improves, strong centralized government, fear prevails
Aim: How does Hitler win the support of the German people? Nazi Party Election Poster - 1932 Top caption: “Enough! End it Now!” • How is the Nazi party portrayed in this poster? • Why do you think the Nazis want to convey this message to the German people? • What are the Nazis referring to in the phrase, “end it now?” • According to the poster, how are the Nazis going to deal with Germany’s grievances? Bottom caption: “Vote Hitler!”
Serves in German army – WWI (Austrian) Joins Nationalist Party akaNazi Party; gains popularity (1919) a. Fascist b. Party Emblem = Swastika 3. Attempts government overthrow (Weimar Republic) b/c a. Treaty of Versailles; blamed for post-war problems 4. Imprisoned a. Writes, Mein Kampf (“My Life”); reflects his ideas Who was Adolf Hitler?
January 30, 1933Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor • End of Weimar Republic • “Enabling Act” – Hitler establishesdictatorship
The Gestapo is Born…April 1933 • Nazi Brown-Shirts • Secret State Police (Geheime Staats Polizei) ~ Gestapo • S.S • Police prohibited from interfering with their actions
Hitler’s Domestic Policy Interests within Germany
Holocaust Studies ~ The Beginnings (1933) 1. What do the following photographs illustrate? 2. What methods were used by the Germans to fulfill their objective? 3. What feelings come to mind when you see these photos?
Nuremberg Laws – Sept. 1935 • Summarize the MEANING of the following three laws. • Explain the PURPOSE of the following three laws. • How do you feel about the laws? Why?
Krystallnacht – (NOV 1938)“Night of the Broken Glass” • Answer the questions that follow the reading.