GROUP MEMBERS: Ramos Ivett #08-11319 Lugo Valmore #08-10649

1. Spatial Organization GROUP MEMBERS: Ramos Ivett #08-11319 Lugo Valmore #08-10649

2. Urban structure Blocks-Buildings- Streets- Open Spaces-Landscapes Movement framework A successful movement framework: • provides the maximum choice for how people will make their journeys; • takes full account of the kinds of movement a development will generate • makes clear connections to existing routes and facilities. The Walkableneighborhood StreetNetwork

3. Urban structure Mixing Uses Grids The benefits of mixed development • More convenient access to facilities • Travel-to-work congestion is minimised • Greater opportunities for social interaction • Socially diverse communities • Visual stimulation and delight of different buildings within close proximity • A greater feeling of safety, with ‘eyes on streets’ • Greater energy efficiency and more efficient use of space and buildings • More consumer choice of lifestyle, location and building type • Urban vitality and street life • Increased viability of urban facilities and support for small business (such as corner shops)

4. Urban structure Centers Businesspark Nurseries, libraries, community centers, police and fire stations and government offices are best placed at central points in highly visible locations. Public squares can be used to emphasize their civic status. Low density residential area Industrial Local centre Character Areas

5. Urban structure Density, facilities and form *Density is only a measure The challenge to the designer is to: • Ensure buildings, streets and places are of a human scale; • Moderate the mass of a building or group of buildings so that it steps up or down to its neighbours; • Use high quality landscaping to soften perceptions of a place.

6. Urban structure The intensity pyramid This requires the positioning of lower density forms at the edges of the project and the higher density forms around and in the local centre, with a gradation of types and sizes in between. Density and interior space solar design Turn towards the sun: There are four main ways of using the sun in buildings: daylight; passivesolar gain; photovoltaic (PV) modules; and active solar panels. The key to optimizing the solar potential of the site is to orientate buildings broadly to the south. This tends to result in an East -West street pattern

7. Urban structure Water Collect, store and recycle rainwater Retaining surface water reduces the need for drainage infrastructure and energy for pumping, with their extensive capital and maintenance costs. Streams, rivers, canals, ponds and lakes can be incorporated into surface water retention systems, providing attractive visual landscape features and valuable ecological habitats. Work with the wind Wind is both a friend and foe. In the summer mild breezes ventilate buildings and improve comfort, in the winter winds increase heat loss. Harness the potential of the wind for natural ventilation and as a possible energy source. Design and position buildings to minimize funneling and the creation of uncomfortable microclimates.

8. Urban structure Waste Do more with less How to do more with less is the basic issue. Either through design or by the way we live. Here we’re interested in less land, less energy, less water and fewer materials so that we can minimize demands on the environment. Designs can be made more energy and resource efficient by: 1 Landscape – minimizing the use of water or fertilizer. 2 Infrastructure – reducing the demand on site lessens the amount of infrastructure needed. Reducing the building energy demands can reduce gas main sizes and using rainwater on site minimizes surface water drainage pipes. 3 The buildings – minimizing demands on resources in terms of: • space and water heating • electricity / fuel • water • construction materials.

9. Landscape The landscape takes the visible features of an area including physical elements such as landforms, living elements of flora and fauna, abstract elements like the weather conditions and human activity to build an environment. When it comes to spatial organization the landscape is not only necessary to fill in gaps , It is also used to give a sense of life to different areas using parks, plazas or even green spots; preventing SLOAPS (space left over after planning). Open spaces and landscape design • There are many ways to utilize the space such as: • Greenways. • Waterways. • Meadows. • Plazas. • Communal gardens. • Private gardens. • Atriums.

10. The development block is the land area defined by the Grid ( the Grid is a type of city plan in which streets run at right angles from each other forming a grid); it can vary according to the configuration of the street. Blocks Perimeter blockBlock size Block shapeBlock interiors