Unit 1 – European Renaissance and Reformation

1. MWH – 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 3.1, 3.2 Unit 1 – European Renaissance and Reformation

2. Pre-Crusades • Europe was largely isolated from Asian and African cultures after the fall of Rome • The Fall of the Roman Empire destroyed a government, economic, and society that had existed for 1000 years • Locked into ways of thinking by custom and the Church • Stagnant culture due to constant warfare and lack of stable government systems

3. The Crusades • Series of wars between Christian kingdoms and the Islamic world between 1097 and the 1300s • First called by Pope Urban II • Led to back and forth control over the “Holy Land”

4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=z-niTeTY7pwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=z-niTeTY7pw View the video and think about whether or not the Crusades were an overall positive or negative for Europe and the Middle East. The Crusades

5. Cross culture interaction • From European perspective, wars were unsuccessful • BUT! Europe gained knowledge of Arab and Byzantine… • Medicine, Trade, Math, Architecture, Shipbuilding, Sailing, and Philosophy • New Goods, Old Knowledge • Exposure to Muslim culture and goods spread through Spain and Italy and to the rest of Europe • Pasta, paper, colored glass, spices • Ancient philosophy is reintroduced to Europe • Greek philosophical and scientific works change European thought Lasting Legacy of the Crusades

6. Lasting Legacy of the Crusades • Humanism • Scholasticism • Pre-Crusade philosophy that dominated European thought; focused upon knowledge in the fields of law, medicine, and religion • Post-Crusade philosophy that developed throughout the Renaissance; focused on literary and philosophical scholarship, being a well-rounded person, and on human achievement • Focused upon using logical reasoning to define the “truth”. Led to attempts to harmonize Christianity with ancient philosophy • Spread through Italy as the rediscovery of Greek and Roman philosophy grew out of Christian and Islamic interactions during and after the Crusades

7. Intercontinental trade • Growth of Trade • Italy’s Advantages • Trade empires grow from Northern Italian city-states • Venice, Florence, Genoa • Hanseatic League forms • Baltic Sea trade agreement between kingdoms in Northern Europe • Overland and overseas trade begins to return to the forefront of European society

8. Diffusion of Goods Make a prediction about some negative consequences that can come about from major cities being connected like this during the Middle Ages…

9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZBRdTSgjjI The Plague strikes Europe

10. What caused the Black Death? • The Oriental Rat Flea carried the disease • How did it spread? The Plague

11. Cures? • Medieval medicine did not understand germs or disease and thought “bad humors” affected the body • Noticed some people healed after sores burst so…. • Tried to draw poison out by placing a paste made of figs and cooked onions mixed with yeast and butter on the swelling then lancing it with a knife • Put live frogs’ belly on sores until the frog burst… and repeat The plague "They died by the hundreds, both day and night, and all were thrown in ... ditches and covered with earth. And as soon as those ditches were filled, more were dug. And I, Agnolo di Tura … buried my five children with my own hands … And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world.“ – Agnolo di Tura of Sienna, Italy

12. The plague

13. The plague How does this compare with the map of trade routes that we previously looked at?

14. The move from the Middle Ages to Renaissance culture Transitioning society

15. Pre-Crusades Post-Crusades/Plague • Kings – held control over the kingdom’s warring and taxation powers • Lords – held control over a manor and knights • Knights – held small parts of manor and fought for the Lord & King • Serfs – owned little and were bound to work the manor by Feudal law • Social hierarchy totally disrupted • Lords and Knights died on Crusade and by plague • Serfs died in great numbers by the plague • Result? • Kings had less power, money, food, workforce etc. • Society HAD to change to compensate for the losses The Downfall of Feudalism

16. Pre Crusades/Plague Post Crusades/Plague Pre vs. Post Crusades/Plague Social Structure

17. Feudalism was… • A form of government • An economic system • A social structure • Sounds a lot like what Rome meant to Europe right? • So, what’s going to replace it? • A) Another “dark age” where the European world gets worse • B) A massive movement towards new ways of doing business, conducting government, and gaining knowledge Feudalism fell… So what?

18. School should focus solely upon preparing you for your career path. School should focus upon turning you into a well rounded individual and citizen. Your opinion

19. Spread through Italy as an elitist movement • Took hold in the 14th century as (ancient) Greek revivalist thought became popular • Socrates, Plato, Aristotle • Movement North and West • Next spread to Germany, England, and Spain The Spread of humanism

20. The Italian Renaissance • 1350(ish) to 1500’s • Began in Italian cities • Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome, Venice • Educated merchants, bankers, and politicians lived there • Humanist Influence • Humanists sought to prepare soul for afterlife AND bring admiration for human achievement on earth • Created a drive to succeed

21. Spread of Banking • Grew with trade routes • Organizations like the Templar Knights set up banks in the Crusades • Became very important in Crusading and post-Crusading world…why? • Powerful banking families arose in Italy • Played prominent role in the Italian Renaissance

22. The Italian renaissance • Merchants & the Medici • Wealthy merchant class develops through trade • Emphasis placed on individual achievement • Banking families arise in Italian city-states • The Medici rule Florence and become patrons of the arts • Ancient Inspiration • Artists and scholars study ancient Greece and Rome • Scholars move to Rome after fall of Constantinople in 1453