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General Psychology (PSY2200 MBAC)

General Psychology (PSY2200 MBAC). Chapter 06: States of Consciousness. Development of Dendritic Spreading. At birth. 3 months. 1 month. 15 months. 24 months. Figure 5.6. States of Consciousness. Sleep. Sleep and Dream Information Questionnaire – Revised (Handout 6-3).

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General Psychology (PSY2200 MBAC)

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  1. General Psychology(PSY2200 MBAC) Chapter 06: States of Consciousness

  2. Development of Dendritic Spreading At birth 3 months 1 month 15 months 24 months Figure 5.6

  3. States of Consciousness Sleep

  4. Sleep and Dream InformationQuestionnaire – Revised (Handout 6-3) • When people sleepwalk, they are experiencing a dream that they are walking. • FALSE. Normal REM sleep induces muscle paralysis that makes sleepwalking impossible. Sleepwalking normally occurs during sleep stages 3 and 4. • The term “night terrors” refers to extremely scary nightmares. • FALSE. Night or sleep terrors (stages 3 or 4) are marked by feelings of intense dread but lack the fearful narratives that characterize nightmares • Melatonin is an effective treatment for a number of sleep-related problems. • FALSE. Too little evidence is available for melatonin to be approved as a treatment for insomnia. Evidence does suggest that melatonin helps treat disruptions in circadian rhythms. • Dreaming occurs only in a stage of sleep referred to as REM sleep. • FALSE. Some hallucination-like dreams occur in stage 1 sleep. These dreams do not follow a story line or narrative. • Most people report dreaming in black and white. • FALSE. Self-report logs of those dreaming usually includes color.

  5. Sleep and Dream InformationQuestionnaire – Revised (Handout 6-3) • Adults dream more than children. • FALSE. Infants enter REM sooner and for a greater percentage of sleep than do adults or older children. • Some people require as few as 4 hours of sleep a night to feel well rested. • TRUE. Some require as few as 4 hours of sleep while others require as much as 10. Most people require between 6 and 10 hours of sleep. • Most scientists believe all humans dream. • TRUE. Nine-five percent of people awakened during REM sleep reported dreaming. Failure to report dreaming, suggest researchers, reflects a memory failure. • More than half of American adults have suffered from insomnia in the past year. • TRUE. 54% of American adults report that they have had at least one symptom of insomnia at least a few nights a week. • During sleep your body rests. • FALSE. Although the body rests during sleep, the brain is still active and controls body functions. Even during the deepest sleep, our mind still process information. During REM sleep, breathing and heart rate increase and become irregular, and your eyes move back and forth under the eyelids.

  6. Sleep and Dream InformationQuestionnaire – Revised (Handout 6-3) • Some people suffer from attacks of sleep during the day. • TRUE. Sleep attacks, or persistent daytime sleeping, is a common symptom of narcolepsy. • Barbiturates can induce a sleep that is just like natural sleep. • FALSE. Barbiturates (e.g. pentothal, luminal) suppress CNS activity and induce sleep with a lower level of REM sleep than is healthy. They are also highly addictive and induce painful and difficult withdrawal. Newer sleep medications (e.g. benzodiazepines) are much safer. • Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are effective in treating sleep problems such as insomnia. • FALSE. Side-effects (fast and irregular heartbeat, blurred vision, sensitivity to sunlight) from using OTC sleep medications can be dangerous. They are also frequently ineffective as sleep aids as well. • Bedwetting (enuresis) is usually due to the effects of dream content. • FALSE. Slow maturation of bladder control is the most common cause of bedwetting. Childhood enuresis is considered an arousal problem; that is, the threshold for awakening is too high. • Although in most people REM sleep is associated with muscle paralysis, some people actually act out their dreams during REM sleep. • TRUE. Men are 50% more likely to experience REM behavior disorder. They may hurt themselves or their bed partners. About one-third of them develop Parkinson’s disease within three years of REM behavior disorder’s onset.

  7. Sleep and Dream InformationQuestionnaire – Revised (Handout 6-3) • Memory consolidation is a primary function of REM sleep. • FALSE and TRUE. Clearly there is disagreement on this one. We’ll talk about this in the next section. • An animal’s size is a key determinant of the amount of time the animal sleeps. • TRUE. Bigger animals – elephants giraffes humans – need less sleep than and smaller animals– rats, cats. The reason seems related to the fact that small animals have higher metabolite metabolic rates and higher brain and body temperatures in the large animals. • A campaign called “Back to Sleep” has led to a significant reduction in deaths due to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). • TRUE. Placing and sense on their backs has reduced sudden infant death syndrome by about 40%. • Snoring can be a symptom of a serious medical condition. • TRUE. Snoring can be a symptom of sleep apnea which is characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. • Fetuses as young as 30 weeks begin to show brain activity consistent with REM sleep. • TRUE. Brain activity and fetuses is similar to that experienced by children and adults in REM sleep.

  8. Video Sleep and Sleeplessness

  9. The Neural Basis of Biological Rhythms Curt Richter Light, the Pineal Gland, and Melatonin

  10. Stages of Sleep

  11. Stages of Sleep • Alpha waves: awake but relaxed • Stage 1 sleep – hypnagogic sensations: fantastic images, resembling hallucinations; a sensation of falling or floating weightlessly • Stage 2 sleep – sleep spindles • Stage 3 and 4 sleep – delta waves • REM sleep • Brainwaves similar to Alpha • Higher heart rate, rapid and irregular breathing, and diversify movement • Genital arousal (male and female)

  12. Stages of Sleep[REM]

  13. Sleep Across the Human Life Span

  14. Why Dream? • Manifest Content (Freud): dreams is a safe way of expressing unacceptable impulses • Activation-synthesis Hypothesis • During REM sleep, the cerebral cortex is active, but largely cut off from sensory input • The cerebral cortex processes the internal stimuli most available to it, memory, most often short-term memory • The cerebral cortex attempts to process as normal, but ends up making unusual or fanciful connections because of the material that is available • Information Processing: Dreaming during REM sleep is a reflection of the down-time processing and storage of memories • Physiology: keeping the cognitive engine idling • Cognitive Development: dreams as reflective of development

  15. Ecstasy MDMA (methylendioxmethamphetamine)

  16. LSD[Lysergic Acid Diethylamide] • LSD, also known as acid, sugar, big D, trips, or microdots • 1943: Albert Hofmann • “Late Friday, April 16, 1943, I was forced to stop my work in a laboratory in the middle of the afternoon to go home, as I was seized by a particular restlessness associate with the sensation of mild dizziness. On arriving home, I lay down and sank into a kind of drunkenness which was not unpleasant and which is characterized by extreme activity of imagination. As I lay in a dazed condition with my eyes closed (I experienced daylight as disagreeably bright) there surged upon me and uninterrupted stream of fantastic images of extraordinary plasticity and vividness and accompanied by an intense kaleidoscope-like play of colors. The condition gradually passed off after two hours.” • Timothy Leary: psychologist; Harvard University (dismissed) • LSD as being religious-like and believed that the drug made him more creative, giving him insights into daily life, religion, and philosophy

  17. LSD[Lysergic Acid Diethylamide] • Effects: • Vision: objects seem to change shape and color, walls and other objects become wavy, and bizarre shapes and designs that have no basis in reality appear to the user • Time perspective may change; some users are unable to distinguish between past, present, and future • The Downside: • Physical symptoms: elevated heart rate,, and blood pressure: faster, more erratic breathing • “Bad trips:” harrowing and dramatic hallucinations are possible • Feelings of loss of control or believe that they can fly, walk on water, or perform some other amazing feat • Depression and acute anxiety may lead to dangerous acts (even suicide) • Daylong trips, with mental confusion, perceptual distortion, and poor concentration for days after the experience • In very rare cases individuals complained of disturbances years after being exposed to LSD

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