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General Psychology

General Psychology. Scripture. Matthew 5:8 Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God.

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General Psychology

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  1. General Psychology

  2. Scripture • Matthew 5:8 Blessed are the pure in heart, for they will see God. The pure in heart - They who love God with all their hearts. They shall see God - In all things here; hereafter in glory. Who seek not only to have the external actions correct, but who desire to be holy in heart, and who are so. Man looks on the outward appearance, but God looks on the heart.

  3. The Central Nervous System • The brain is a web of neural networks. • The spinal cord is full of interneurons that sometimes have a “mind of their own.”

  4. Neural Networks These complex webs of interconnected neurons form with experience. Remember: “Neurons that fire together, wire together.”

  5. Interneurons in the Spine Your spine’s interneurons trigger your hand to pull away from a fire before you can say OUCH! This is an example of a reflex action.

  6. The Endocrine System The endocrine system refers to a set of glands that produce chemical messengers called hormones.

  7. The Body’s “Slow but Sure”Endocrine Message System • The endocrine system sends molecules as messages, just like the nervous system, but it sends them through the bloodstream instead of across synapses. • These molecules, called hormones, are produced in various glands around the body. • The messages go to the brain and other tissues.

  8. Adrenal Glands produce hormones such as adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, and cortisol. Adrenal Glands • The sympathetic “fight or flight” nervous system responds to stress by sending a message to adrenal glands to release the hormones listed above. • Effect: increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar. These provide ENERGY for the fight or flight! Pancreas

  9. The Pituitary Gland • The pituitary gland is the “master gland” of the endocrine system. • It is controlled through the nervous system by the nearby brain area--the hypothalamus. • The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate other glands such as the thyroid. • It also produces growth hormone (especially during sleep) and oxytocin, the “bonding” hormone. Pituitary gland

  10. Searching for the self by studying the bodyPhrenology Phrenology (developed by Franz Gall in the early 1800’s): the study of bumps on the skull and their relationship to mental abilities and character traits • Phrenology yielded one big idea--that the brain might have different areas that do different things (localization of function).

  11. Strategies for finding out what is different about the mind when part of the brain isn’t working normally: • case studies of accidents (e.g. Phineas Gage) • case studies of split-brain patients (corpus callosum cut to stop seizures) • lesioning brain parts in animals to find out what happens • chemically numbing, magnetically deactivating, or electrically stimulating parts of the brain Investigating the Brain and Mind: • How did we move beyond phrenology? • How did we get inside the skull and under the “bumps”? • by finding what happens when part of the brain is damaged or otherwise unable to work properly • by looking at the structure and activity of the brain: CAT, MRI, fMRI, and PET scans

  12. Studying cases of brain damage When a stroke or injury damages part of the brain, we have a chance to see the impact on the mind.

  13. “He was no longer Gage…” Before • – efficient foreman • – well-balanced mind • – shrewd smart business man After • – Fitful • – Irreverent, and grossly profane • – Little deference for his fellows • – Impatient and obstinate, yet capricious and • vacillating • – Poor planning

  14. There is a Phineas Gage display in the Warren Medical Museum at Harvard University • This is what went through his brain…

  15. Intentional brain damage: Lesions (surgical destruction of brain tissue) • performed on animals • has yielded some insights, especially about less complex brain structures • no longer necessary, as we now can chemically or magnetically deactivate brain areas to get similar information

  16. Clinical Observation Clinical observations have shed light on a number of brain disorders. Alterations in brain morphology due to neurological and psychiatric diseases are now being catalogued. Tom Landers/ Boston Globe

  17. Split-Brain Patients • “Split” = surgery in which the connection between the brain hemispheres is cut in order to end severe full-brain seizures • Study of split-brain patients has yielded insights discussed at the end of the chapter

  18. Images of Brain Activity Institutionalized Romanian Orphan Normal Child Dark tones show brain areas such as the temporal lobes, which oversee emotion among other functions, are practically inactive in the Romanian child compared to the healthy child.

  19. We can stimulate parts of the brain to see what happens • Parts of the brain, and even neurons, can be stimulated electrically, chemically, or magnetically. • This can result in behaviors such as giggling, head turning, or simulated vivid recall. • Researchers can see which neurons or neural networks fire in conjunction with certain mental experiences, and even specific concepts.

  20. Monitoring activity in the brain Tools to read electrical, metabolic, and magnetic activity in the brain: EEG: electroencephalogram PET: positron emission tomography MRI: magnetic resonance imaging fMRI: functional MRI

  21. EEG: electroencephalogram An EEG (electroencephalogram) is a recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface. An EEG is useful in studying seizures and sleep.

  22. PET: positron emission tomography The PET scan allows us to see what part of the brain is active by tracing where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

  23. MRI: magnetic resonance imaging fMRI: functional MRI Functional MRI reveals brain activity and function rather than structures. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) makes images from signals produced by brain tissue after magnets align the spin of atoms. The arrows below show ventricular enlargement in a schizophrenic patient (right). Functional MRI compares successive MRI images taken a split second apart, and shows changes in the level of oxygen in bloodflow in the brain.

  24. Areas of the brain and their functions

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