jjbjorkman.blogspot/2012/12/us-from-space.html

1. This shows the United States from space at night-time. You can tell from the tilt of the earth that it is winter-timer. Daybreak is approaching, but it still is hitting Europe in this shot of the US from space http://jjbjorkman.blogspot.com/2012/12/us-from-space.html

4. Finding Information in a (Semi) Digital Age Organizing the Web?

5. Card Catalogs

6. Knowledge Management (KM) (Wikipedia) • “Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it” (Samuel Johnson) • “Intelligence is not the ability to store information but the ability to find it” (Albert Einstein) • Information Technology – helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information Office of Information Technology (UMN)

7. Knowledge Management (KM) • “Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it” (Samuel Johnson) • “Intelligence is not the ability to store information but the ability to find it” (Albert Einstein) • Information Technology – helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate, and/or disseminate information Office of Information Technology (UMN)

8. How do you acquire relevant data/information? • How do you organize your Web search to get relevant information • How do you organize your Web search to filter out less relevant information • How do you organize your Web search that to disregard irrelevant information • Searching for Information that is accessible & accurate

9. How do you acquire relevant data/information? • How do you organize your Web search to get relevant information • How do you organize your Web search to filter out less relevant information • How do you organize your Web search that to disregard irrelevant information • Searching for Information that is accessible & accurate • For Your Purpose

10. Acquiring, Accessing – computers can only partially help • Managing – computers can only partially help • Digesting – computers can’t help • Incorporating information into your work – computers can’t help

11. Some General Readings • Google <knowledge management> • Knowledge Management (Gene Bellinger) • Journal of Knowledge Management • Data Mining (Kurt Thearling) • A Paradigm for Understanding the Internet (James Vaughn, Kennedy School of Government) • The Help Web. A Guide to Getting Started on the Internet • Born Digital (Ricky Erway, OCLC Research)

12. Computers have been used to coordinate information between multiple locations since the 1950s (The first book; the Gutenberg Bible, printed around 1455) • The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment(SAGE) was an automated control system for tracking and intercepting enemy bomber aircraft used by NORAD from the late 1950s into the 1980s • In later versions, the system could automatically direct aircraft to an interception by sending instructions directly to the aircraft's autopilot – U.S. National Defense • In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the United States began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology • Funded by ARPA (now DARPA), and the computer network that it produced was called the ARPANET • The network spread beyond academic and military institutions and is now known as the Internet • Initially these facilities were available primarily to those in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like e-mail and the World Wide Web, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies, computer networking become almost ubiquitous

13. "The World-Wide Web (W3) was developed to be a pool of human knowledge, which would allow collaborators in remote sites to share their ideas and all aspects of a common project” (“Human-Computer Interaction Toward the Year 2000” p. 907) • Happy birthday, World Wide Web (2010) • The Web comprises interlinked hypertext documents contained on the Internet • With a web browser – Netscape, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome - anyone can view web pages containing text, images, videos, or multimedia and navigate between them using hyperlinks • The number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally • A very large proportion of personal computers regularly connect to the Internet to communicate and receive information • "Wireless" networking, often utilizing mobile phone networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments • Intranets

14. Cloud Computing • Location-independent computing, allowing linked servers to provide software and data to computers and other devices on demand

15. Squires, R.H. and A.P.Holder, "The use of computers in the presentation of pollen data" New Phytologist vol. 69 (1970) 875-882 • Hill, A.G. and R.H.Squires, "Graphs drawn by computer" Area vol.4 (1970) 48-52 • IBM 1130 main frame, batch mode, Fortran IV language, paper tape

16. General Principles • The Web is not a source of information - it is • a repository of digital information • a tool allowing access to non-digital information • University of Minnesota Libraries

17. The Web is not disorganized; it is organized by hardware, remote hosts or servers, to which you have access, and local hosts, the computers used by individuals, corporations, and governments to compile information to be placed on servers • The content of the Web is organized by the individuals, corporations, and governments that compile the information

18. Organization of Web • EPA Home http://www.epa.gov/ • Climate Change http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ • Clean Energy http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/index.html • Energy and You http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/index.html • How does electricity affect the environment? http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/index.html • Coal http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/affect/coal.html

19. Organization of Web • University of Minnesota • Department of Geography, Environment and Society • People • Faculty • Roderick H. Squires • Rod’s Page • Courses • Geography and Public Policy

20. Deep Web Research 2011 (Marcus Zillman, The Virtual Private Library) • The best portals only find a small fraction of the information about a particular topic on the Internet • Deep Web Research (Marcus Zillman, LLRX.com) • What is the "Invisible Web", a.k.a. the "Deep Web"? (U California, Berkley) • Research Tips for Paralegals: Utilizing the Deep Web (Jenny Blake, Associated Content from Yahoo) • Using the Deep Web: A How-To Guide for IT Professionals (Steven R Grichawka, TechDeepWeb.com)

21. Digital Images – Maps, Photographs • Library of Congress Map Collection • The National Atlas • Minnesota DNR Maps (Minnesota) • David Rumsey Historical Map Collection • Google Earth • Google Maps • Which of these sources would you trust? • Why?

22. Digital Text • Google • Google Books • Google Scholar • United States Collection Guide • Hathitrust • Making of America. A collaborative endeavor to preserve and make accessible through digital technology a significant body of primary sources related to development of the U.S. • Making of America Books (University of Michigan) • Making of America Journals (University of Michigan)

23. Digital Text • Google • Google Books • Google Scholar • United States Collection Guide • Hathitrust • Making of America. A collaborative endeavor to preserve and make accessible through digital technology a significant body of primary sources related to development of the U.S. • Making of America Books (University of Michigan) • Making of America Journals (University of Michigan) Which of these sources would you trust? Why?

24. Web expanse – e.g. Wilderness • Google <wilderness> 58.9 million results • Google Scholar <wilderness> 765,000 results • Google Books <wilderness> 16.6 million results • University of Minnesota Libraries • Books <wilderness> 5.635 • Articles <wilderness> 198,961 • JStor <wilderness> 83,302 • ProQuest Congressional <wilderness> 2,261 • LexisNexis Academic <wilderness> • Search the news >3,000 • Law review articles >3,000 • USA.gov <wilderness> 1.04 million • <wilderness act>  290,00,000  • <BWCAW> 25,500 • Minnesota Public Radio 827 stories • Minneapolis Star Tribune 92 results • Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 1010 results

25. Limit your search in some way • Limit your search term(s) Add additional text – “wilderness act of 1978” “wilderness” and “minnesota” – each site may have its own rules for searching • Limit the period of your search – to the past ten years for example • Limit your search to particular sites – specific authors, journals, books

26. General Principles • Skills used for finding information in the non-digital world are the same as those that were used for finding information in the digital world • The skills which you all develop as users of “brick” libraries, those containing printed material, will stand you in good stead – except knowing location of book! • The electronic medium involves a new technology, therefore it requires some different mechanical skill • However, it does not require different intellectual skills • If you are deficient in using "traditional" libraries, you will be deficient in using the web

27. General Principles • You can, however, kinda ignore the nuances of the Library of Congress Classification system or the older Dewey Decimal Classification system for cataloging books although they are still used as a way of organizing books on shelves – this idea of cataloging information will come back later – SIC

28. Searching the World Wide Web • Browsing the entire web using a portal, gateway, search engine, or directory is very inefficient, albeit fascinating, like browsing in a library • You should start by searching a restricted part of the web, perhaps one with which you are familiar and one in which you have a high degree of confidence of finding relevant and valuable material

29. University of Minnesota Libraries (Your Academic Survival Headquarters) • USA.gov (Government Made Easy) • Star Tribune – or another newspaper e.g. New York Times, Wall Street Journal • Minnesota Public Radio – or another radio/tv station

30. Research in the Electronic World • The World Wide Web contains two types of electronic information • Reference information, which will refer you to material that may or may not be electronic and will describe where it may be found – on a shelf in a particular library or in an electronic version of a journal article • Factual information, which may or may not be accurate, timely, or relevant to your research • One way of accessing these materials is via a portal, such as Google • Search the Web more efficiently (LLRX.com)

31. Web Sites Provide a Variety of Information • University of Minnesota Libraries • Minnesota Historical Society Library • Library of Congress • These sites contain reference information and factual information • How to is a valuable link • Site Map may be useful – helps to understand something about the entity that created the site

32. Government Printing Office (GPO) • Established in 1813 • Provides publishing & dissemination services for the official government publications to Congress, Federal agencies, Federal depository libraries, & the American public • In 1993, Congress passed Public Law 103-40, “The U.S. Government Printing Office Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act,” expanding GPO's mission to provide electronic access to Federal electronic information • In June 1994, GPO launched GPO Access providing online access to information from all three branches of the Federal Government • 2011 the next generation of Government information online with GPO's Federal Digital System (FDsys) (<wilderness> 29001 hits!) • Federal Depository Library Program

33. Digital Libraries – digital information science.gov (USA.gov) • Gateway to government science information and research results • Provides a search of over 42 scientific databases and 200 million pages of science information with just one query, and is a gateway to over 2000 scientific Websites

34. Digital Libraries – digital information science.gov (USA.gov) • Gateway to government science information and research results • Provides a search of over 42 scientific databases and 200 million pages of science information with just one query, and is a gateway to over 2000 scientific Websites • An initiative of 18 U.S. government science organizations in 14 federal agencies that together form the Science.gov Alliance provides content • The Web page search function provided by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and the "Explore Selected Science Websites by Topic" portion of the site is maintained by CENDI • The Science.gov Website is hosted by the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), located in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, which also supplies the site's "deep Web search" capability

35. FoodSafety.gov • Regulations.gov • HealthCare.gov • MyMoney.gov

36. Congressional Research Service • Legislative branch agency in the Library of Congress • works exclusively for the United States Congress, providing policy and legal analysis to committees and Members of both the House and Senate, regardless of party affiliation • areas of research • Open CRS • CRS Reports (collected by Stanford University) • CRS Reports (National Council for Science and Environment) • CRS Reports (ProQuest Congressional) • CRS Reports (The National Agricultural Law Center)

37. Digital Libraries – digital images of printed booksNon-profit • Open Library: 20 million user-contributed items in multiple editions and formats • Internet Archive: Millions of primarily rare, out-of-print works in multiple languages and formats especially useful for academic work • Project Gutenberg: 33,000 free e-books, including all of the classics • Hathitrust Digital Library, an international community of research libraries collecting, organizing, preserving, communicating, and sharing the record of human knowledge • Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) • Avalon Project (Yale Law School) • Library of Congress • J-Stor a not–for–profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive of over one thousand academic journals and other scholarly content • Legal Information Institute (Cornell University Law School)

38. Digital Libraries – digital images of printed materialCommercial Publishers • Google Books • Wiley Online Library • American Legal Publishing: Online Library • EBSCOhost (also accessed via University of Minnesota Libraries) • ProQuest Congressional (accessed via University of Minnesota Libraries) • LexisNexis Academic (accessed via University of Minnesota Libraries) • HeinOnline (accessed via University of Minnesota Libraries)

40. Social Science Research Network • Committed to the rapid worldwide dissemination of social science research • Composed of a number of specialized research networks in each of the social sciences

41. H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online • An international consortium of scholars and teachers, creating and coordinating Internet networks to advance teaching and research in the arts, humanities, and social sciences • Subscribers and communicate through moderated electronic mail messages sent to the group • The lists are all public, and can be quoted and cited with proper attribution • The lists are connected to their own sites on the World Wide Web, that store discussion threads, important documents, and links to related sites on the web • Each network has its own "personality," is edited by a team of scholars, and has a board of editors; most are cosponsored by a professional society

42. H-AmIndian American Indian History and Culture • H-Amstdy American Studies • H-Business History of Business and Commerce • H-CivWar U.S. Civil War History • H-Energy Energy History • H-Environment Environmental History • H-HistGeog Historical Geography • H-Law Legal and Constitutional History • H-Pol United States Political History • H-Rural Rural and Agricultural History • H-SHEAR Early American Republic • H-Urban Urban History • H-Water History of Water • H-West History and Culture of the North American West and Frontiers

43. University of Minnesota Libraries • Sticks - texts - books, journals, and maps • Clicks - electronic databases including journals, statistics, and images • JStor • LexisNexis Academic • E-journals – the full text articles which may or may not also appear in print • Government Information Quarterly • Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers • Annals of the Association of American Geographers • Science • Statistics – data services

44. University of Minnesota Libraries • Images • Minnesota Digital Library • Distinct parts of Wilson Library • Government Document Library • Information Resources (CourseLib) • John R. Borchert Map Library • Links to other libraries • Law Library • Forestry Library • Archives and Special Collections

45. You can start at the home page of a particular institution or a particular organization but a far more efficient way of searching is to use a search engine specific to a group of institutions or organizations • United States • Minnesota • Dakota County • Minneapolis • Nature Conservancy (nonprofit) • Xcel Energy

46. You can start at the home page of a particular institution or a particular organization but a far more efficient way of searching is to use a search engine specific to a group of institutions or organizations • United States • Minnesota • Dakota County • Minneapolis • Nature Conservancy (nonprofit) • Xcel Energy • Problem, is of course, you have to be able to identify the organization that is relevant • Use Google to do an initial search?

47. Nonprofit Organizations – All have biases • The Cato Institute • The American Enterprise Institute • Common Cause • The Wilderness Society • American Farmland Trust • The Constitution Society • National Pork Producers Council • California Avocado Commission

48. Be wary of all sites especially created by individuals, even a group of individuals with few “controls” on the content – look at the date – if there is one • The University of Minnesota • The Department of Geography • Rod’s page

49. A good place to start might be the sources from which you get your usual information • Star Tribune • Wall Street Journal • Electronic versions of journals – Time, The Economist • Minnesota Public Radio • NBC • WCCO • Rush Limbaugh • Rachel Maddow (MSNBC)

50. Or a Database • LexisNexis Academic (accessed through University of Minnesota Libraries) • ProQuest Congressional(accessed through University of Minnesota Libraries) • ProQuest Statistical(accessed through University of Minnesota Libraries) • HeinOnline(accessed through University of Minnesota Libraries) • Legal Information Institute (Cornell University) • Journals (accessed through University of Minnesota Libraries) • NatureScienceScienceDirectScientific American