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Interlingua Annotation of Multilingual Corpora (IAMTC) Project

Interlingua Annotation of Multilingual Corpora (IAMTC) Project. Lori Levin and Teruko Mitamura Language Technologies Institute Carnegie Mellon Univeristy. IAMTC project members. Collaboration : New Mexico, Maryland, Columbia, MITRE, CMU, ISI Members: Bonnie Dorr (Maryland)

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Interlingua Annotation of Multilingual Corpora (IAMTC) Project

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  1. Interlingua Annotation of Multilingual Corpora (IAMTC) Project Lori Levin and Teruko Mitamura Language Technologies Institute Carnegie Mellon Univeristy Feb 23, 2005

  2. IAMTC project members Collaboration: New Mexico, Maryland, Columbia, MITRE, CMU, ISI Members: Bonnie Dorr (Maryland) David Farwell (NMSU) Rebecca Green (Maryland) Nizar Habash (Columbia) Stephen Helmreich (NMSU) Eduard Hovy (ISI) Lori Levin (CMU) Keith Miller (MITRE) Teruko Mitamura (CMU) Owen Rambow (Columbia) Flo Reeder (MITRE) Advaith Siddharthan (Columbia) Feb 23, 2005

  3. IL-Annotation Outcomes • IL design • Three levels of depth: IL0, IL1, and IL2 • Annotation methodology • Manuals, tools, evaluations • Annotated parallel texts • Foreign language original and multiple English translations • Foreign languages: Arabic, French, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Spanish Feb 23, 2005

  4. Uniqueness of Annotation Effort • Multi-parallel • Three versions of each text • Original language and two English translations • Shows multiple surface realizations of the same meaning • Multi-lingual • Each text is in at least two languages (English and one other) • The methodology is applied to multi-parallel corpora in six languages. • Arabic, French, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Spanish Feb 23, 2005

  5. Motivation • Interlingua designed for MT • Multiple English translations of same source show translation divergences. Some phenomena: • Lexical level: word changes • Syntactic level: phrasing, thematization, nominalization • Semantic level: additional/different content • Discourse level: multi-clause structure, anaphor • Pragmatic level: Speech Acts, implicatures, style, interpersonal • Causes of divergence • Genuine ambiguity/vagueness of source meaning • Translator error/reinterpretation Feb 23, 2005

  6. IL Development: Staged, deepening • IL0: • Shows simple dependency structure • IL1: • Replace open class lexical items with concept names • Replace grammatical relation labels with semantic role labels • IL2: (under development) • Separates shared portions and unresolved portions of divergent sentences Feb 23, 2005

  7. Deep syntactic dependency representation: Removes auxiliary verbs, determiners, and some function words Normalizes passives, clefts, etc. Removes strongly governed prepositions Includes syntactic roles (Subj, Obj) Details of IL0 Feb 23, 2005

  8. Construction of IL0 • Dependency parsers • Connexor (English), Tapanainen and Jarvinen, 1997 • Kabocha (Japanese) • Hand-corrected • Extensive manual and instructions on IAMTC Wiki website • for English, Spanish, Japanese, and possibly others Feb 23, 2005

  9. Syntactic Variation Resolved at IL0 • Passive • The gangster killed at least 3 innocent bystanders. • At least 3 innocent bystanders were killed by the gangster. • Other transitivity alternations Feb 23, 2005

  10. Example of IL0 Sheikh Mohammed, who is also the Defense Minister of the United Arab Emirates, announced at the inauguration ceremony that “we want to make Dubai a new trading center” TrEd, Pajas, 1998 Feb 23, 2005

  11. Example of IL0 • Sheikh Mohammed, who is also the Defense Minister of the United Arab Emirates, announced at the inauguration ceremony that “we want to make Dubai a new trading center” announced V Root Mohamed PN Subj Sheikh PN Mod Defense_Minister PN Mod who Pron Subj also Adv Mod of P Mod UAE PN Obj at P Mod ceremony N Obj inauguration N Mod Feb 23, 2005

  12. Details of IL1 • Associate open-class lexical items with Omega Ontology items • Replace syntactic relations by one of approx. 20 semantic (theta) roles (from Dorr) e.g., AGENT, THEME, GOAL, INSTR… • No treatment of prepositions, quantification, negation, time, modality, idioms, proper names, NP-internal structure… • Nodes may receive more than one concept • Average: about 1.2 Feb 23, 2005

  13. Construction of IL1 • TIAMAT annotation tool • Manual for converting IL0 to IL1 is available Feb 23, 2005

  14. Syntactic Variation Resolved at IL1 • Lexical Synonymy • The toddler sobbed, and he attempted to console her. • The baby wailed, and he tried to comfort her. • Thematic Divergence • Bob enjoys playing with his kids. • Playing with his kids pleases Bob. Feb 23, 2005

  15. Example of IL1 Sheikh Mohammed, who is also the Defense Minister of the United Arab Emirates, announced at the inauguration ceremony that “we want to make Dubai a new trading center” Feb 23, 2005

  16. Example of IL1: internal representation The study led them to ask the Czech government to recapitalize CSA at this level. [3, lead, V, lead, Root, LEAD<GET, GUIDE] [2, study, N, study, AGENT, SURVEY<WORK, REPORT] [4, they, N, they, THEME, ---, ---] [6, ask, V, ask, PROPOSITION, ---, ---] [9, government, N, government, GOAL, AUTHORITIES, GOVERNMENTAL-ORGANIZATION] [8, Czech, Adj, Czech, MOD, CZECH~CZECHOSLOVAKIA, ---] [11, recapitalize, V, recapitalize, PROP, CAPITALIZE<SUPPLY, INVEST] [12, csa, N, csa, THEME, AIRLINE<LINE, ---] [16, at, P, value_at, GOAL, ---, ---] [15, level, N, level, ---, DEGREE, MEASURE] [14, this, Det, this, ---, ---, ---] Semantic Roles Concepts from the Omega Ontology Feb 23, 2005

  17. Tiamat: annotation interface For each new sentence: For each word to be annotated (shown with dependents) Feb 23, 2005

  18. Tiamat: annotation interface For each new sentence: Step 1: find Omega concepts for objects and events Candidate concepts Feb 23, 2005

  19. Tiamat: annotation interface(note: similarity to PDT annotation interface) For each new sentence: Step 1: find Omega concepts for objects and events Candidate concepts Step 2: select event frame (theta roles) Feb 23, 2005

  20. Details of IL2 • Start capturing meaning: • Handle proper names: one of around 5 classes (PERSON, LOCATION, TIME, ORGANIZATION…) • Conversives (buy vs. sell) at the FrameNet level • Non-literal language usage (open the door to customers vs. start doing business) • Extended paraphrases involving syntax, lexicon, grammatical features • Possible incorporation of other ‘standardized’ notations for temporal and spatial expressions • Still excluded: • Quantification and negation • Discourse structure • Pragmatics Feb 23, 2005

  21. Variation Resolved at IL2 • Morphological Derivation • I was surprised that he destroyed the old house. • I was surprised by his destruction of the old house. • Differences in clause subordination • This is Joe’s new car, which he bought in New York. • This is Joe’s new car. He bought it in New York. • N-N Compounds • She loves velvet dresses. • She loves dresses made of velvet. Feb 23, 2005

  22. IL2 (continued) • Head Switching • Mike Mussina excels at pitching. • Mike Mussina pitches well. • Mike Mussina is a good pitcher. • Lexical Conflation • Lindbergh flew across the Atlantic Ocean. • Lindbergh crossed the Atlantic Ocean by plane. Feb 23, 2005

  23. Not normalized • Comparitives vs. Superlatives • He’s smarter than everybody else. • He’s the smartest one. • Different Sentence Types • Who composed the Brandenburg Concertos? • Tell me who composed the Brandenburg Concertos. • Inverse Relationship • Only 20% of the participants arrived on time. • 80% of the participants were late. • Inference • The Porto player kicked the ball into the net. • The Porto player scored a goal. • Viewpoint Variation • Stop getting in the way. • Stop trying to help. Feb 23, 2005

  24. Note from Lori • In my version of Powerpoint the color blocks on the next slide don’t line up with the text correctly. • I didn’t have time to fix it, so I inserted the other version of the same slide. • If you have time to fix the color box version, then you can delete the two slides after that. • Otherwise, you can delete the color box version. Feb 23, 2005

  25. Theoretical goal: Getting at meaning K1E1: Starting on January 1 of next year, SK Telecom subscribers can switch to less expensive LG Telecom or KTF. … The Subscribers cannot switch again to another provider for the first 3 months, but they can cancel the switch in 14 days if they are not satisfied with services like voice quality. K1E2: Starting January 1st of next year, customers of SK Telecom can change their service company to LG Telecom or KTF … Once a service company swap has been made, customers are not allowed to change companies again within the first three months, although they can cancel the change anytime within 14 days if problems such as poor call quality are experienced. • Semantically identical • Semantically equivalent • Semantically different: • Additional/less information • Different information Feb 23, 2005

  26. Starting on January 1 of next year, SK Telecomsubscribers can switch to less expensive LG Telecom or KTF. … The Subscribers cannot switch again toanother provider for the first 3 months, but they can cancel the switch in 14 days if they are not satisfied with services like voice quality. Starting January 1st of next year customersof SK Telecom can changetheir service company to LG Telecom or KTF … Once a service company swap has been made, customers are not allowed to change companies again within the first three months, although they can cancel the change anytimewithin 14 days if problems such aspoorcall quality are experienced. Getting at Meaning(Two translations of Korean original text) Feb 23, 2005

  27. Color Key • Black: same meaning and same expression • Green: small syntactic difference • Blue: Lexical difference • Red: Not contained in the other text • Purple: Larger difference. • Need to use some inference to know that the meaning is the same Feb 23, 2005

  28. This year, too, in addition to the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical, which has already been announced, other rather large-scale mergers may continue, and be recorded as a "year of mergers." This year, which has already seen the announcement of the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation as well as the continuous numbers of big mergers, may too be recorded as the “year of the merger” for all we know. Getting at meaning(Two translations of a Japanese original text) More lexical similarity. More differences in dependency relations. Feb 23, 2005

  29. Common Aspects of Meaning This year, too, in addition to the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical, which has already been announced, other rather large-scale mergers may continue, and be recorded as a "year of mergers.“ This year, which has already seen the announcement of the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation as well as the continuous numbers of big mergers, may too be recorded as the “year of the merger” for all we know. • Big mergers continue this year • Mergers continue in addition to the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical • Birth of Mitsubishi Chemical • Someone announces the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical • Someone records this year as the year of the merger Feb 23, 2005

  30. Divergences that can be resolved This year, too, in addition to the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical, which has already been announced, other rather large-scale mergers may continue, and be recorded as a "year of mergers.“ This year, which has already seen the announcement of the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation as well as the continuous numbers of big mergers, may too be recorded as the “year of the merger” for all we know. • Mergers are big • Someone announces the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical • Someone records something as the year of the merger Feb 23, 2005

  31. Benefits for Other Projects • MT • Question Answering • Summarization • Information Retrieval • Information Extraction • Text Mining • Etc. Feb 23, 2005

  32. Approaches to Evaluation • Inter-annotator agreement — completed • Sentence generation from extracted annotation structure • Comparison of interlingual structures (graph comparisons) • Ontology growth (or shrinkage) rate (per unit of text) • Competing goals: • Addressing coverage gaps (1/3 of open class words marked as having no concept) • Omega seems too rich: Hard to distinguish between senses; Granularity of concept selection Feb 23, 2005

  33. Inter-annotator Agreement • Is the IL sufficiently defined to permit consistent annotation? • Ontology • Theta-roles • Coverage and precision Feb 23, 2005

  34. Evaluation webpage Feb 23, 2005

  35. Inter-annotator agreement • Difficulty is that more than one sense can be selected for a given annotation • Standard kappa does not apply in this case • Two alternatives for calculating expected probability of agreement: • Agreement and kappa for positive senses • Agreement and kappa for all senses • Both were explored • Positive sense agreement, kappa shown here Feb 23, 2005

  36. Positive agreement annotations • Construct a table for each word: • For each annotator and each sense whether or not that sense was selected by that annotator • Calculate agreement = • Calculate kappa using Monte Carlo simulation of P(E) Feb 23, 2005

  37. Evaluation results – positive examples Feb 23, 2005

  38. All cases count • Count 0,0 and 1,1 agreements – T00 , T11 • Count 0,1 and 1,0 disagreements – T10 , T01 • Count number of 0 & 1 for annotators 1 & 2 - A01, A11; A02, A12 • Divide all counts by number senses • Agreement = T00 + T11 • Kappa = 2 * ((T00 * T11) – (T10 * T01)) / ((A01 * A12) + (A02 * A11)) [marginal prob.] Feb 23, 2005

  39. All Cases Agreement / Kappa Feb 23, 2005

  40. Annotation Issues • Post-annotation consistency checking • Novice annotators may make inconsistent annotations within the same text. • Intra-annotator consistency checking procedure • e.g. If two nodes in different sentences are co-indexed, then annotators must ensure that the two nodes carry the same meaning in the context of the two different sentences • Post-annotation reconciliation Feb 23, 2005

  41. Post-annotation reconciliation • Question: How much can annotators be brought into agreement? • Procedure: • Annotator sees all annotations, votes Yes/Maybe/No on each • Annotators then discuss all differences (telephone conf) • Annotators then vote again, independently • We collapse all Yes and Maybe votes, compare them with No to identify all serious disagreement Feb 23, 2005

  42. Results of Reconciliation • Annotators derive common methodology • Small errors and oversights removed during discussion • Inter-annotator agreement improved • Serious problems of interpretation or error identified Feb 23, 2005

  43. Annotation across Translations Question: How different are the translations? • Procedure: • Annotator sees annotations across both translations, identifies differences of form and meaning • Annotator selects ‘true’ meaning(s) • Results (work still in progress): • Impacts ontology richness/conciseness • Improvement in Interlingua representation ‘depth’ • Useful for IL2 design development • Observations: • This is very hard work • Methodology unclear: what is seen first, how to show alternatives, what to do with results… Feb 23, 2005

  44. Outcomes—how have we done? • IL design • IL0 and IL1 finished • IL2 in the works • Annotation methodology • Manuals for IL0 in at least three languages • Manual for converting IL0 to IL1 • Annotation tools for IL0 and IL1 • Evaluation of inter-coder agreement • Procedure for annotator reconciliation • Around 144 annotated parallel textsin IL0 and IL1 • Six texts from six different source languages • Two English translations of each text • 10-12 annotators for each text Feb 23, 2005

  45. Next Steps • Foreign language annotation standards and tools • Development of IL2 • Addressing coverage gaps (1/3 of open class words marked as having no concept) Feb 23, 2005

  46. Contact information • URLs and Wiki pages: • Project website: http://aitc.aitcnet.org/nsf/iamtc/ • PIs:http://sparky.umiacs.umd.edu:8000/IAMTC/IAMTC.wiki • Annotators:http://sparky.umiacs.umd.edu:8000/IAMTC-Annotator/IAMTC-Annotator.wiki • Text Annotation: anyone interested to try??? • Download the tools • Download the texts • Have fun (if you’re so inclined!)… Feb 23, 2005

  47. Extra Slides Feb 23, 2005

  48. IAMTC Tasks • Interlingua Content Development • Three level design: IL0, IL1, IL2 (and possibly more…) • Linguistic/semantic divergences • Noun-noun compound • Thematic roles • Named entities and Time expressions • Conjunctions • Ontology reduction • Tool Development • Evaluation Methodology • Annotation of 7 languages Feb 23, 2005

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