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Learn the importance of questionnaires in collecting data, their design process, and how to overcome common challenges. This comprehensive guide will help you create structured and effective questionnaires to maximize the efficiency of data collection and analysis.
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QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN • Questionnaires • A structured technique for data collection that consists of a series of questions, written or verbal, that a respondent answers
THE IMPORTANCE OF QUESTIONNAIRES • Captured the information needed • Be standardized so that the data are comparable across sites and results can thus be generalized. • Maximize the efficiency of tabulating and analyzing data
THE IMPORTANCE OF QUESTIONNAIRES • The questionnaires must translate the information needed into a set of specific questions that the respondents can and will answer • The questionnaires must uplift, motivate, and encourage the respondent to become involved in the interviewing process.
Figure 11.4 Types of Questions Figure 11.4 Types of Questions Questions Unstructured Structured Multiple Choice Dichotomous Scales
QUESTIONNAIRES DESIGN PROCESS • Specify the information needed • Questionnaires should be designed with the target respondent in mind, taking into account their educational level and experience. The language used and the context of the questions must all be familiar to the respondents.
QUESTIONNAIRES DESIGN PROCESS • Specify the type of interviewing method • An understanding of the various methods of conducting interviews (personal interviews, telephone interview, mail interviews and etc) provides guidance for questionnaire design.
QUESTIONNAIRES DESIGN PROCESS • Determine the context of individual question • For each item of information that is needed, the researcher should consider whether that information is being adequately obtained by questions already formulated. • Sometimes several question are needed instead of one.
QUESTIONNAIRES DESIGN PROCESS • Design the question to overcome the respondent’s inability and unwillingness to answer.
QUESTIONNAIRES DESIGN PROCESS • Decide the question structure • Question can be either structured (close-ended) or unstructured (open-ended)
QUESTIONNAIRES DESIGN PROCESS • Determine the question wording • Define the issue • Use ordinary words • Avoid ambiguous words • Avoid implicit question and assumptions • Avoid leading or biased question
QUESTIONNAIRES DESIGN PROCESS • Arrange the question in proper order • The improper ordering of the questions can seriously bias the response. • The opening question should be interesting, simple, and non-threatening so that they arouse the interest of the respondent. • Difficult, sensitive, embarrassing, complex, or dull question should be place later in sequence.
Figure 11.5 The Funnel Approach to Ordering Questions Broad or General Questions Narrow or Specific Questions Figure 11.5 The Funnel Approach to Ordering Questions
QUESTIONNAIRES DESIGN PROCESS • Choose the form and layout • It is a good practice to divide a questionnaire into several parts, each parts dealing with a specific sets of questions.
QUESTIONNAIRES DESIGN PROCESS • Reproduce the questionnaire • The following guidelines are used • The questionnaires should have a professional appearance. • If the questionnaires is too long, it should be presented in booklet • An entire question should be produce in single page • See appendix.
QUESTIONNAIRES DESIGN PROCESS • Pretest the questionnaires • Pretesting refers to testing the questionnaires on a small sample of respondents to identify and eliminate potential problems and thus improve the questionnaires.
OBSERVATIONAL FORMS • Observational forms are designed to record respondent reaction to a new product, ads, packaging, and etc. • Observational forms should specify who, what, where, why, and way of behavior to be observed.
