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THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON SERVICE TRADE: GRAVIT Y MODEL APPROACH

THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON SERVICE TRADE: GRAVIT Y MODEL APPROACH. DYAH TITIS K. WARDANI FAIZA HUSNAYENI NAHAR HAIRUNNAS. UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA. INTRODUCTION. BACKGROUND. ASEAN INTEGRATION IN SERVICE.

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THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON SERVICE TRADE: GRAVIT Y MODEL APPROACH

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  1. THE ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY ON SERVICE TRADE: GRAVITY MODEL APPROACH DYAH TITIS K. WARDANI FAIZA HUSNAYENI NAHAR HAIRUNNAS UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA

  2. INTRODUCTION

  3. BACKGROUND ASEAN INTEGRATION IN SERVICE “Free flow of trade in services is one of the important elements in realizing ASEAN Economic Community, where there will be substantially no restriction to ASEAN services suppliers in providing services and in establishing companies across national borders within the region, subject to domestic regulations.” (ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint, November 2007) Services are increasingly important components of economic output in any country. While agriculture and manufacturing remain very important, services continue to gain importance and share in any country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

  4. BACKGROUND THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY: INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Technology plays an important role in international trade and commerce since international trade is one of the sources of growth. Salvatore (2004) said that international trade is as one of the engines of growth. With rapid advances in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) since the 1990s, as well as increased efficiency for transport of goods and people across national boundaries, the variety of sectors and volume of services provided across national boundaries are rising fast. More and more people are traveling abroad to consume tourism, education and medical services, as well as to supply services ranging from construction to software development. Likewise, more and more business transactions and delivery of services projects such as engineering design and financial market consultancy are undertaken through electronic channel such as internet and other telecommunication network.

  5. GRAVITY MODEL THEORY The gravity model basically adopts Newton's law of gravity, that is, every particle in the universe will experience an attractive force with one another Tinbergen (1962) used the analogy of the law of gravity equation from Newton to analyze the flow of international trade. • According to Tobler (2004), the gravity model can explained in scale Iij = G Keterangan: F : Attractive force between two objects (M) m1 : Mass of object 1 (kg) m2 : Mass of object 2 (kg) r : Distance between two objects(m) g : Gravity constant I : Gravity between places Pi : Number of population origin country Pj: Number of population partner countries : Destination G :Coefficient of proportionality

  6. Research Limitation • Research Questions (?) • Research Objectives What is the effect ofstandard gravity variables such as distance, GDPof Indonesiai. GDP of partnersjon service trade between Indonesia and ASEAN countries, 2005-2017? To what extent is the effect of telephone cellular access on service trade between Indonesia andASEAN countries, 2005-2017? • To examine the effect ofstandard gravity variables such as Distance, GDPof Indonesiai. GDP of partnersjon service trade between Indonesia andASEAN countries, 2005-2017? • To examine the effect of Telephone cellular access on service trade between Indonesia andASEAN countries, 2005-2017? To analyze the effect of ICT and other determinant factors that affect on service trade ASEAN from 2005 to 2017. Commodities are service products Independent variables such asDistance, GDP of Indonesia, GDP of partners (9ASEAN Countries) and telephone cellular access.

  7. Why the observation starts from 2005? The subsequent decision at the 11th ASEAN Summit in December 2005 to accelerate the liberalisation of trade in services by 2015, re-affirms the seriousness of ASEAN to further integrate its services sector and deepen its economic integration process

  8. RESEARCH FRAMEWORK - Distance + GDP Indonesia Service Trade Indonesia to ASEAN GDP Partners + Telephone cellular access +

  9. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY DATA ANALYSIS METHOD DATA This research using secondary data Analysis is usingrandom effect model 4 2 OBSERVATION 1 3 DATA SOURCE Service Export Indonesia to ASEAN-9 from 2005 to 2017 This research using panel data are obtainedfrom UN-Comtrade, WorldBank, www.distancefromto.net, andwww.itu.int

  10. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Multicollinearity Test Heteroscedasticity with White Test Probabilitymore than 0.05, then regression result is free from heteroscedasticity VIF less than 5 or 10, then regression result is free from multicollinearity (Montgomery, 2001)

  11. ANALISIS PEMILIHAN MODEL Hasil Estimasi Chow Test • Lagrange Multiplier Test • Hausman Test

  12. CONCLUSION Gross Domestic Product (GDP) both Indonesia (the country of origin) and its ASEAN trading partners have positive and significant effect on Indonesia's service exports to ASEAN. The greater GDP of a country represent economic of scale and for country partners these represent product market. Therefore, to increase export, a country that has higher GDP is directed to trade with a country that have higher GDP. Distance between Indonesia its ASEAN trading partnershas a negative and significant effect onIndonesia's service exports to ASEAN. This in line with the Gravity model theory. Since the higher distance, the higher cost of transportation and shipping cost. Even though ICT development in progress nowadays, distance still matter for trade costs. Telephone cellular access haspositive and significant effecton Indonesia's service exports to ASEAN. By the development of ICT, such as communication access i.e. telephone cellular access, this may reduce the trade cost. For instance, trader do not need to have face to face interaction, merely they only have correspondence through telephone cellular and this may reduce trade costs, therefore this efficiency may increase trade volume (export).

  13. RECOMMENDATION The Indonesian government is recommend to trade with a country that has higher GDP, since the higher GDP, the higher trade (export). Since the higher distance, the higher cost of transportation and shipping cost. Therefore, the Indonesian government have to make transportation and shipping cost more efficient to reduce trade costs. The Indonesian government should develop ICT in term of trade, such as telephone cellular access. This role can be handled by PT Telkom Indonesia. For instance to strengthen networking and infrastructure of telecommunication. To build more Base Transceiver Station (BTS) located in trade partners countries in ASEAN, for example TelinSingapore established by Telkom Indonesia is officially established in 2007 and is the first Telkom footprint in international business. The Indonesian government need to continue the implementation of Information and Communication Joint Committee Indonesia-Singapore. As 3rd Information and Communication Joint Committee is held in Yogyakarta in 2012.

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  18. Thank You

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