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The State of Biodiversity

The State of Biodiversity. Biodiversity Loss, Protected Areas and Encroachment Track 2 – Natural Capital: Biodiversity. Clarissa C. Arida Director, Programme Development and Implementation ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity.

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The State of Biodiversity

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  1. The State of Biodiversity Biodiversity Loss, Protected Areas and Encroachment Track 2 – Natural Capital: Biodiversity Clarissa C. Arida Director, Programme Development and Implementation ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity 2nd Asian Judges Symposium on Environment: Natural Capital and the Rule of Law 2 – 5 December 2013 l ADB Headquarters, Manila, Philippines

  2. Biodiversity plays an important role in enhancing ecosystems services. The degradation of ecosystems due to human activities has caused substantial and irreversible loss in the diversity of life on Earth. Biodiversity encompasses ecosystems diversity, species diversity and genetic diversity. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Report (2005) has shown that changes in drivers that directly or indirectly affect biodiversity results to changes in ecosystems and the services they provide (provisioning services, regulating services, supporting services, and cultural service). Biodiversity, ecosystems services and human well being (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)

  3. Biodiversity in Asia supports 3.8 billion people, representing 60% of the world’s population, and some 70% of the world’s poorest people. • Asia has seen rapid economic development and high levels of biodiversity .

  4. Drivers of Biodiversity Loss State of Biodiversity The world failed to meet the 2010 biodiversity target. Pressures in biodiversity remains highleading to ecosystems degradation, reduction in species populations, increasing risk of extinctions and erosion of genetic variety. Habitat Change Climate Change • Habitat loss and degradation from agriculture and infrastructure development continue to exert high pressure on biodiversity. • Globally: • 100 M hectares forest loss 2000- 2005 • 20% of seagrass and mangroves habitats lost since 1970-1980 • 38% decline in quality of coral reef since 1980 • 95% of wetlands lost in some areas Invasive Alien Species Over Exploitation Pollution Global Environment Outlook 3 UNEP 2012, GBO3, ABO3

  5. www.aseanbiodiversity.org Habitat Change MANGROVE Ecosystem • Mangroves occupy over 60,000 sq. km surface area in SEA, with 52 true mangrove species, in which two are listed as critically endangered and endangered. • Decreasing trend in the size of mangrove areas all over the Asian region Drivers of mangrove degradation: • deforestation due to domestic demand for fuel and materials for housing • conversion of mangrove forests to either fish or prawn ponds for commercial consumption (ASEAN Biodiversity Outlook 2010)

  6. Climate Change Climate change is likely to become the dominant direct driver of biodiversity loss by the end of the century (MA, 2005). • In Asia, up to 50% of biodiversity is at risk • As much as 88% of coral reefs may be lost. • (ADB, 2009) • Recent devastation by typhoon Yolanda caused ecological havoc to coastal environments.

  7. Climate Change It threatens species and habitats and may also affect invasive species and spread of disease. • Landsat image of Typhoon Yolanda: Tacloban Nov 2013 (news releases)

  8. Invasive Alien Species www.aseanbiodiversity.org Invasive alien species threatens natives species. Spreading through deliberate and unintentional introductions through increased global travel and trade. Economic costs of invasive alien species was estimated at 1.4 trillion annually in Asia (Pimentel in GEO5).

  9. Over Exploitation Transnational organized crime flows in East Asia and the Pacific shows value at US2.5 billion of illegally traded wildlife in East Asia and the Pacific – UN Office on Drugs and Crime - UNODC, 2013 Overexploitation of wild species to meet growing demand threatens biodiversity. Photos and Figures by WCS • From subsistence gathering to urban commercial hunting

  10. Why do people illegally trade wildlife? High profit Low punishment

  11. The value of illegally traded wildlife in Vietnam– Weight for Weight Rhino horn $2000-$6000 Gold $5200 Tiger bone balm $850 Heroin $1500-2000 Elephant ivory $50-$700 Golden Turtle $300-$500 Amphetamine $100 Opium $50 Pangolin scales $200-400 Beef $0.75 - $1 Per 100g

  12. Protected areas have proven to be an effective tool in the fight to save biodiversity. • Asiacurrently has 7,043 protected areas covering and average of 15.97% of land area. UNEP-WCMC. (2013). World Database on Protected Areas., as cited in recent Asia Parks Congress, Japan 2013 “By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, are conserved and effectively and equitably managed, … through a well-connected systems of protected areas….” Target 11 CBD Strategic Plan Vision: By 2020, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.” vision: a world in harmony with nature

  13. Protected Areas as Natural CapitalThe establishment and effective management of protected areas preserve an asset for the future. Protected areas form an important part of natural capital estimates, along with timber, cropland, energy and mineral resources, etc. The .Wealth of Nations, World Bank 2006, 2007 • Maintaining healthy ecosystems • Healthy ecosystems restrict the spread of disease vectors and invasive alien species . • Protected areas are proven, cost-effective and sustainable solutions reducing the impacts of climate change.

  14. Growth of National Protected Areas1911-2011 Mission: Take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby securing the planet’s variety of life, and contributing to human well-being, and poverty eradication. …..

  15. www.aseanbiodiversity.org Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity (sectors, plans and programs) Reducethe direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use

  16. www.aseanbiodiversity.org Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services

  17. Key messages: progress in achieving biodiversity targets • expanding protected areas • addressing some direct drivers of biodiversity loss • community-based management • Some innovative financing, need for benefit sharing schemes • BUT scale of efforts remain insufficient . • Continue to change consumption patterns, capacity improvement, improving access to information and legal redress, enhancing governance (executive, legislative and judiciary) www.aseanbiodiversity.org

  18. Thank you! www.aseanbiodiversity.org 2nd Asian Judges Symposium on Environment: Natural Capital and the Rule of Law 2 – 5 December 2013 l ADB Headquarters, Manila, Philippines

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