Air Quality Planning for Ozone and PM 2.5

1. Air Quality Planning for Ozone and PM 2.5 May 4, 2006 Georgia Air Quality Summit

2. Integrated Approach to Air Quality Attainment Individual measures, overall strategy to model • Policy Development • Identify menu of control options to be considered • Consider regulatory and practical implications along with costs, benefits, & sensitivities • Develop and implement regulations and policies • Air Quality Modeling • Meteorology, emissions & photochemistry for base & future • Sensitivity analysis of responses to various controls by location and species • Impact (relative reduction factor) of overall strategy Sensitivity to controls; Impact & attainment (Y/N) of overall strategy Iterative search for additional measures Control measures to be evaluated Estimated $/ton of each measure Modeled base & controlled pollutant concentrations Morbidity/mortality averted, visibility improved, etc. due to control strategy • Benefit Assessment • Evaluate health and other benefits of control strategy • Cost Assessment • Evaluate cost-effectiveness ($/ton) of each control option

3. Integrated Approach to Air Quality Attainment Individual measures, overall strategy to model • Policy Development • Identify menu of control options to be considered • Consider regulatory and practical implications along with costs, benefits, & sensitivities • Develop and implement regulations and policies • Air Quality Modeling • Meteorology, emissions & photochemistry for base & future • Sensitivity analysis of responses to various controls by location and species • Impact (relative reduction factor) of overall strategy Sensitivity to controls; Impact & attainment (Y/N) of overall strategy Iterative search for additional measures The focus of this presentation Control measures to be evaluated Estimated $/ton of each measure Modeled base & controlled pollutant concentrations Morbidity/mortality averted, visibility improved, etc. due to control strategy • Benefit Assessment • Evaluate health and other benefits of control strategy • Cost Assessment • Evaluate cost-effectiveness ($/ton) of each control option

4. Multi-pollutant Attainment Planning How can we objectively evaluate disparate control options, impacting different precursors, sectors, and locations? Source Emission Ambient Impact Societal Impact NOx Ozone Human health Hg Attainment PM2.5 VOC SO2 N deposition Visibility NH3 Acid deposition Ecosystems and crops PM

5. Ozone (O3) • Major component of photochemical smog • Secondary Pollutant • NOx + VOCs + sunlight  Ozone • Formed during the daytime • Chemistry is well known • Highest concentrations in the Summer • High temperatures • Stagnant Winds

6. 8-hr Non-attainment areas

7. Emission Sectors

8. NOx Emissions by Sector20 counties + power plants (tons per year) 2002 CERR data, except Coal Fired Power Plants which is 2003 CEMS data

9. Current Ozone Controls • Georgia Gas • Inspection 7 Maintenance/ Enhanced I&M • Open Burning Ban • NOx & VOC RACT/Expanded RACT • Stationary Source NOx & VOC rules • Stationary Source NOx & VOC SIP permit conditions • Partnership for a Smog Free Georgia • NSR/Expanded NSR • Power Plant Controls • New Equipment Rules

10. Effectiveness of New Controls • Sensitivity is the modeled effect on an ambient monitor from specific source of emissions • Sensitivities determined for: • New control equipment for Electric Generating Units (EGUs) • NOx reductions from all sources except EGUs • Inspection & Maintenance • Results can be scaled

11. Ozone at Confederate Avenue

12. Ozone at Douglasville *Days where base case (2002) above 85 ppb **10% reduction from 2009 levels

13. Clean Air Interstate Rule CAIR • Federal Rule for the abatement of the regional transport of Ozone and PM 2.5 in 28 Eastern States • 70% reduction in SO2 and 60% reduction in NOx when fully implemented (from 2003 levels) • Cap and Trade program for NOx and SO2 emissions per ton • Only Electrical Generating Units Subject to Rule • Responsible for reducing the SO2 contribution of PM 2.5 • Georgia is only subject to the PM 2.5 provisions of CAIR (i.e. no summer NOx budget)

14. NOx RACT • Reasonably Available Control Technology for Stationary Sources • 16 Facilities in 20 County area with a NOx PTE over 100 TPY (excluding Hartsfield) • 6 have Actual emission over 100 TPY • Four have previously undergone RACT • The remaining two are NG fueled and have several small sources • 3 Facilities (largest) have potential for reasonable reductions • Caraustar - 364 tpy (1999 1-hr Ozone SIP) • Ownens Brockway - 710 tpy (previous RACT) • Transcontinental Station 120 – 2,374 tpy (1999 1-hr Ozone SIP)

15. Inspection & Maintenance –I&M • Assessed for 7 new Atlanta Area non-attainment counties (Barrow, Bartow, Carroll, Hall, Newton, Spalding & Walton) • NOx Reduction of 3.17 tons per summer day across all 7 counties • Initiate 2008 • Actual benefits realized in 2009

16. Railyards/Locomotives • Most Feasible Control Options – Potential Reductions • Idling Control/APU – 1,610 tpy NOx • Switcher replacements – 584 tpy NOx • SCR retrofits – 210 tpy NOx • Data based on AHDVEIES study by GA Tech– Atlanta Heavy Duty Vehicle and Equipment Inventory and Emissions Study

17. Truck Stop Electrification TSE • 17 Truck Stops in the Atlanta NAA • Over 1,500 parking spaces • Each space has NOx potential of 7.14 lb-NOx/day • PTE = 5.4 tpd, 1,955 tpy • Example Rule requiring 20% electrification could result in potential 1.1 tpd reduction in NOx

18. Additional Possible NOx Controls • Mobile on-road and non-road diesel controls • Traffic Management • Mass Transit • Additional Open Burning Restrictions • Extend stationary source controls outside of Non-Attainment area

19. Particulate Matter • Microscopic and submicroscopic particles (solid or liquid) that exist in the atmosphere • PM2.5 refers to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 mm • PM consists of multiple pollutants • Primary and Secondary • Precursors include SO2, NOx, NH3, VOC • PM chemistry and dynamics is a developing science

20. PM 2.5 Nonattainment areas

21. PM 2.5 Speciation - Atlanta

22. PM Emission Sectors of Concern • Coal/Oil fired Stationary Sources • Electric Generating Units (EGU) – Subject to CAIR • Non-EGUs – Subject to RACT • Diesel Burning Mobile Sources • On-road – trucks, buses • Off-road – construction, agriculture, airports, rail • Open Burning • Commercial Cooking

23. Possible Mobile Diesel Control Measures • Incentive Programs – Grant/Loan program for clean equipment purchases & retrofits • Clean Contracting – State contracts that require use of clean equipment • School Bus Retrofits • State-wide anti-idling regulation • Traffic Management – Truck only lanes, reduced speed limits, rerouting, managed lanes

24. Atlanta-Hartsfield Airport • 2002 NOx Emissions • Aircraft 5,151 tpy • Auxiliary Power Units (APU) 137 tpy • Ground Support Equipment (GSE) 589 tpy • Possible Controls • Mandatory Electrification of APUs • Electrification, Alt fuels for GSE • Various Aircraft/Air traffic management strategies • Emissions impact of ground access transportation not assessed • Studies show that this contribution can equal over 60% of all other emissions • Alt fuels, anit-idling, congestion mitigation are possible approaches • Caveat – Newer, “Cleaner,” more fuel-efficient aircraft engines actually produce higher levels of NOx

25. Regional Haze Rule – BART • Federal Rule for Visibility Improvement in Class I Areas • BART – Best Achievable Retrofit Technology • Major sources >250 tons per year • Built between 1962 and 1977 • 26 source categories, including EGUs & industrial boilers, kraft pulp mills, and refineries • Must include a Smoke Management Plan

26. BART Review Factors • Technology available • The costs of compliance • The energy and non-air quality environmental impacts of compliance • Any pollution control equipment already in use or existence at the source. • The remaining useful life of the source

27. Additional Possible PM Controls • Agriculture • Construction • Fuels • Fireplaces & Woodstoves In addition to benefits from Ozone control strategies

28. Questions?? Jim Kelly GA EPD Air Protection Branch James_Kelly@dnr.state.ga.us (404) 363 7131 Georgiaair.org