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The Crusades

The Crusades. WH Ch 9.4 (305-308) AP World History Ms. Stanga. Byzantine Empire: Problems. Grew under the Macedonian rulers Political problems Incompetent leaders Ambitious military leaders Threats from abroad Religious split Eastern Orthodox Roman Catholic. THE CRUSADES.

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The Crusades

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  1. The Crusades WH Ch 9.4 (305-308) AP World History Ms. Stanga

  2. Byzantine Empire: Problems • Grew under the Macedonian rulers • Political problems • Incompetent leaders • Ambitious military leaders • Threats from abroad • Religious split • Eastern Orthodox • Roman Catholic

  3. THE CRUSADES • A military expedition for the purpose of fighting a holy war against the unbelieving (infidels) • Holy Land? Israel/Palestine • How far? About 2,000 miles to Jerusalem

  4. Calling the Crusades • 1095CE Council at Clermont • Pope Urban II calls it • “God wills it”

  5. Crusades - Purpose • Pope Urban II • 1. to free to Holy land from the Seljuk Turks; to fight in defense of the Holy tomb of Jesus • 2. to rescue the Byzantine Empire from the Turkish rule

  6. Crusades – Why Go? • Religious motives • Dying in battle granted salvation • Adventure • Fighting for freedom • Land! Money! Power!

  7. All Them Crusades… • People’s Crusade • 50,000 people sent to Turkey • Nickname • First Crusade • 1096-1099 CE • Took Jerusalem

  8. All Them Crusades… • Second Crusade • 1147-1149CE • Muslims won back the Holy City • Third Crusade • 1187-1192CE • “Crusade of the Three Kings” • Barbarossa, Philip II, Richard I

  9. Map

  10. All Them Crusades… • Fourth Crusade • 1193CE • Collapse of Byzantine Empire • Children’s Crusade • 1212CE • 50,000 children • Victory on faith and purity

  11. All Them Crusades… • Late Crusades • 1217-1291CE • Total of 8+1 crusades • 1291CE: All Holy Land in Muslim control

  12. Effects of the Crusades? • Italian port growth • Attacks on Jews • End of Feudalism • Nobles freed surfs to go fight • Established stronger central governments • Developed nation-states (i.e. countries)

  13. Activity: The Crusades • On your sheet of paper illustrate each of the major crusades. Be sure to list the date(s) and the results.

  14. Peasants, Trade and Cities AP World History Ms. Stanga

  15. Population Growth The population in Europe nearly doubled between 1000CE and 1300CE. • Peace • Stability • More food • Climate change • 3 field crop rotation • New technology • Wind/air power • Iron • Carruca • Horse inventions

  16. Manorial System • Lord is in charge • Serf’s labor • Their land & lord’s land • Time off for feasts • Rent • Share of product • Tithe • Legal rights over serfs • Permission to leave • Permission to marry • Tried in lord’s court • Serfs weren’t slaves

  17. Activity: Cycle of Labor Look at the cycle of labor on your worksheet then answer it’s two questions.

  18. Often times bread was dark, hard and heavy because of the ingredients used: barley, wheat, rye, etc. Food/Drink • Bread • Staple of diet • Vegetables • Cheese • Fruits • Meats • Ale and Wine • Water was dirty

  19. Revival of Trade • Trade fairs • Creation of coins • Money economy • Led to the development of capitalism • Widowed women would take over businesses

  20. City Life • Crowded • Tall structures • Fire risk • Eww • Dirty • Smelly • Ugly

  21. Industry and Guilds • Business associations • Apprentice • First learner • Age 10 • Not paid • Journeymen • Practiced learner • Age 15-17 • Paid • Desire to become Master

  22. Culture of the High Middle Ages AP World History Ms. Stanga

  23. Rise of Universities • University • Latin meaning “corporation” • First university • Bologna, Italy • 1158CE established a charter • Royalty/Popes thought it honorable to start universities Bologna, Italy

  24. Curricula • Lecture = “to read” • Liberal arts • Grammar, logic, math, music, astronomy • Exam when applied for a degree • Bachelor’s of Arts (4-6 years) • Master’s of Arts (6-10 years) • Doctor of Philosophy (10+ years) As professors read aloud from the textbooks they often added their own commentary about the work.

  25. Scholasticism • Attempted to reconcile faith and reason • Saint Thomas Aquinas • Summa Theologica • Posed question, offered opposition, reconciled then offered his explanation Many Christian philosophers were upset by Aristotle’s works because he arrived at conclusions through reason and logic not by faith.

  26. Review: The Objectives • Turn to the person next to you and answer • What does “university” mean in Latin? • What subjects were taught in the Middle Ages? • How long did one have to study to receive each of the three degrees offered? • What is the Summa Theologica? Who wrote it?

  27. Vernacular Literature • Vernacular: language of everyday speech in a region • Troubadour poetry • Nobles/Knights • Woman made him better • Chanson de geste • Heroic epic • Song of Roland

  28. Architecture: Romanesque • 11-12th century • Two types of roofs: • Long, round stone arch vault (barrel vault) • Cross vault (2 barrel vaults) • Features • Roofs were heavy • Walls were big and heavy • Limited window space

  29. Architecture: Gothic • Two innovations: • Ribbed vault with pointed arches for a roof • Flying buttress (outside support) • Stained glass windows

  30. Primary Source: Pisan • How did her class affect her writing? • Why does she write a dialogue between herself and “reason”/“rectitude” and not “God”? • According to Christine, where would men be without women? • What are some of the myths about women that she is battling against? • How does she refute these myths? • How important is classical tradition for Christine? To what uses does she put examples of antiquity and ignore contemporary examples? • Do you think she would be considered a feminist today? Why or why not?

  31. The Late Middle Ages AP World History Ms. Stanga

  32. The Bubonic Plague • Economic problems • Lack of workers • Less demand for goods • Social problems • Lower-class • Anti-Semitism • Punishment from God?

  33. The Black Death Mass Grave in London (below)

  34. Popes at Avignon • French king didn’t accept papal supremacy • Arrested Pope Boniface VIII • French pope elected • Pope Clement V • Avignon, France 1305-1377 • Papal election of 1377

  35. The Hundred Years War • Duchy of Gascony • Held by England • French King Philip IV took it for France • English King Edward III declared war • War: 1337-1453

  36. The Hundred Years War The longbow was as tall as the man who carried it. He would draw it by stooping over with the bow parallel to the ground then straighten up, using his leg and back muscles. The arrow was drawn to his ear and thrown. • French • Armed noble cavalry • English • Cavalry • Paid peasant foot soldiers • Pikes • Longbow

  37. Battle of Crecy The illustration above indicates that the English placed their archers on the front lines of their cavalry allowing them to shoot into the thickest part of the French lines. • 1346 • First major battle of the war

  38. Battle of Agincourt 1415CE

  39. Joan of Arc Peasant Deeply religious Charles allowed her to join them at Orleans French victory by 1453

  40. Post-War: France • Nationalism • King Louis XI • 1461-1483 • Tailee

  41. Post-War: England • Economic problems • War of Roses • Henry Tudor • Began rule in 1485 • Abolished private armies • Less taxes made him popular

  42. Post-War: Spain • Muslims were expelled • Aragon and Castile • Isabella of Castile • Ferdinand of Aragon • Strict Catholicism

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