Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright

1. Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable FutureRichard T. Wright Chapter 12 Energy from Fossil Fuels PPT by Clark E. Adams

2. Energy from Fossil Fuels • Energy sources and uses • Exploiting crude oil • Other fossil fuels • Fossil fuels and energy security

3. The Fossil Fuel Dilemma • Primary source of energy for transportation • Supports a drill, spill, and kill legacy • More sustainable alternatives are available

4. Energy Sources and Uses • Harnessing energy sources: an overview • Electrical power production • Matching sources to uses

5. Harnessing Energy Sources: An Overview • Slaves • Domestic animals • Wind and water • Steam (ships and locomotives) • Gasoline (internal combustion followed by turbine engine) • Nuclear

6. Energy Consumption in the United States • Sequence of use • Wood • Water (steam) • Coal • Natural gas • Oil • Nuclear power 3, 4, and 5 = 83.5% of U.S. energy consumption

7. Global Primary Energy Supply

8. Energy Consumption in the United States

9. Electrical Power Production: The Beginning Michael Faraday 1831

12. Weekly Electrical Demand Cycle

14. oil-based fuels natural gas coal nuclear power transportation industrial processes space heating and cooling generation of electrical power Match Dominant Primary (Left) with Secondary (Right) Energy Sources

15. Exploiting Crude Oil • How fossil fuels are formed • Crude-oil reserves versus production • Declining U.S. reserves and increasing importation • Problems of growing U.S. dependency on foreign oil

16. Crude-Oil Reserves versus Production • Estimated reserves: educated guesses about the location and size of oil or natural gas deposits • Proven reserves: how much oil can be economically obtained from the oil field • Production: withdrawal of oil or gas from the oil field

17. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed: Part I

18. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed: Part II

19. Oil Production and Consumption in the United States

20. Cost of Oil Imports

21. Cost of Oil Imports

22. Increased or Decreased since the 1970s? • Consumption of fuels derived from oil • Discoveries of new oil in the United States • Production of oil in the United States • The gap between production and consumption • United States dependence on foreign oil

23. Increased or Decreased because of Higher Cost of Oil Imports? • Rate of exploratory drilling and discovery of oil • Renewed production from old oil fields • Efforts toward fuel conservation • Consumption • Development of alternative energy sources • Dependence on foreign oil

24. Increased or Decreased because of Collapse in Oil Prices? • Rate of exploratory drilling and discovery of oil • Renewed production from old oil fields • Efforts toward fuel conservation • Consumption • Development of alternative energy sources • Dependence on foreign oil

25. Consumption, Domestic Production, and Imports of Petroleum Products

26. What a Barrel of Persian Gulf Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers • $30 in initial costs • + $61 for military support services • = $91 per barrel of oil

27. Problems from Foreign Oil Dependency • Variations in cost of purchases • Threat of supply disruptions • Limitations of nonrenewable resource

28. Impacts of Foreign Oil Dependence • Trade imbalances • Military actions • Pollution of oceans • Coastal oil spills

29. Hubbert Curves of Oil Production Oil production follows a bell-shaped curve and will peak around 2010.

30. Hubbert Predictions • U.S. oil production would peak (1970s) • Dependence on OPEC oil will increase

32. Algeria Indonesia Iran Iraq Kuwait Libya Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia United Emirates Venezuela Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: OPEC

33. Other Fossil Fuels • Natural gas – 50-year supply • Coal – 400-year supply • Oil shales and oil sands – complex extraction technologies

35. U.S. Coal Deposits http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/reserves/coalres.pdf

37. Natural gas Coal Synfuels Oil shales Oil sands Air pollution Cost of extraction Proven reserves Greenhouse effect Habitat alteration Cost competition with current oil prices Which Fossil Fuel Ranks the Highest in the Following Categories?

38. Carbon (CO2) Emission Per Capita

39. Electrical Power from Burning Coal Advantages or Disadvantages? • Pollution from secondary energy source • Pollution from primary energy source • Habitat alterations • Environmental effects of mining • Conversion losses

40. Global Warming Acid Rain Smog Burning Coal = CO2 + SO + H20 + Ash + (CxHxSxOx) Light + Noise + Heat Primary and Secondary Effects from Burning Coal

41. Fossil Fuels and Energy Security • Security threats • Supply-side policies • Demand-side policies • Development of non-fossil-fuel energy sources

42. Security Threats • Oil dependence: relies too much on OPEC cartel and volatile Persian Gulf states • Energy infrastructure: vulnerable to terrorist attacks • Global climate change: greenhouse gas emissions

43. Supply or Demand-side Policies? • Opening ANWAR to oil and gas exploration and production • Strategies to satisfy energy needs with minimum expenditure of energy and environmental impacts

44. The Potential of the Conservation Reserve An oil field that has the potential production of 6 million barrels per day, is three times the size of the Alaskan oil field, and its exploitation will NOT adversely effect the environment.

45. The Elements of the Conservation Reserve • Increasing fuel efficiency in cars (CAFÉ) • Cogeneration (CHPs) • Use fluorescent lights • Increase home insulation

46. Combined Heat and Power: Cogeneration

47. Energy Efficient Lightbulbs

48. End of Chapter 12