“Back to the Future”

1. “Back to the Future” SOL World History II: 1500 to the Present Flashcards in reverse chronological order

2. Built by Gamal Abdul Nasser in Egypt • Built on Nile River • Created Hydroelectricity for the country of Egypt in the 1960’s • Flooded Nubian relics/artifacts

3. Aswan High Dam

4. Female Prime Minister of Israel • A close ally of the United States • Fought 6 Day War, as well as Operation Wrath of God following Munich Olympics of 1972

5. Golda Meir

6. Partitioned from the country of Palestine following WWII by the newly formed United Nations • Caused a great deal of animosity between Jews and Muslims • Close ally of the United States

7. Israel

8. Fought against South African apartheid system • Imprisoned for 27 Years • Became the first Black African President of South Africa in 1993 • “There is no easy walk for freedom anywhere”

9. Nelson Mandela

10. Means “apartness” • Government program in South Africa to separate the races with the white minority (Afrikaner) population holding the majority of the land and power • Ended in 1989

11. Apartheid

12. First president of an independent Kenya, following independence from Great Britain • Supported the Mau Mau rebellion against the British

13. Jomo Kenyatta

14. Former colony of France in Northern Africa • White “Settler” Colony with 2 million French citizens “colons” who lived there • Violent fight for independence from France in the 1960’s…ultimately won

15. Algeria

16. Formerly named the Gold Coast, when it was a colony of Great Britain • Gained its independence from Great Britain • Relied on cacao as its main cash crop • Led by Kwame Nkrumah • Named after a famous African civilization

17. Ghana

18. Created by the United Nations in 1947 • Promise that the members of the United Nations would never led another genocide, like the Holocaust, happen again • Also guaranteed self-determination

19. UN Declaration of Human Rights

20. 1st Prime Minister of independent India • Close friend of Mohandas Gandhi • Worked to modernize India • Father of Indira Gandhi

21. Jawaharlal Nehru

22. 1947: This country was divided into two separate countries with a Muslim population in the north, and a Hindu population in the south. • Great deal of fighting as 10 million people were on the move on the subcontinent • Still considered the most dangerous border

23. Partition of India (and Pakistan)

24. Known as the “great soul” of India • Led movement for passive resistance • Salt March, Hunger Strikes • Greatly saddened by the partition of India • Was assassinated by a Hindu extremist who felt he gave away too much to the Muslims

25. Mohandas Gandhi

26. Formed in India in the late 1800’s • Mostly made up of elites (doctors, professionals, etc.) who wanted to work diplomatically for the independence of India from Great Britain

27. Indian National Congress

28. Leader of Communist People’s Republic of China during the Tiananmen Square protest of 1989 • Allowed limited capitalism into China

29. Deng Xiaoping

30. Last leader of the Soviet Union • Implemented glasnost and perestroika • Only VIP from World History who is still alive

31. Mikhail Gorbachev

32. Part of Mikhail Gorbachev’s campaign • Means economic restructuring, allowing for some limited capitalism • Contributed to the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991

33. Perestroika

34. Prime Minister of Britain in the 1980’s • Known as the “Iron Lady” • Close ally with Ronald Reagan

35. Margaret Thatcher

36. Daughter of Nehru • Prime Minister of India • Oversaw the creation of the atomic bomb for India (“Operation Smiling Buddha”) • Assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984 after she ordered an attack on the Sikh Golden Temple

37. Indira Gandhi

38. Communist leader of Vietnam • Led resistance against the French and then the United States • Leader of the Vietcong and the successful Tet Offensive

39. Ho Chi Minh

40. Nationalist leader of China • Supported by the United States • Took over island of Taiwan and ruled it as Nationalist China

41. Chiang Kai-shek

42. Idea that if the United States launched their nuclear arsenal at the USSR, the USSR would launch their nuclear arsenal at the USA • Total end of the world

43. Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)

44. Idea that if one place fell to Communism, then the other would follow • Justified the idea of Containment, as well as frequent US involvement in Asia and Latin America during the Cold War

45. Domino Theory

46. Conflict between the USSR and the USA • Followed the failed Bay of Pigs invasion • Stand-off between President Kennedy (USA) and Premier Khruschev (USSR) • As a result, US promised to never invade Cuba again and remove missiles from Turkey and USSR removed their missiles from Cuba

47. Cuban Missile Crisis

48. Line of Division between North and South Korea, drawn by the United Nations • North of this line = communist, South of the this line= non-communist • North Korean invaded South Korea, UN helped South Korea push back North Koreans, who were then aided by China • After war- border returned to same line • Ceasefire (not Peace) • Still an area of conflict today

49. 38th Parallel

50. Built in 1961 • Divided former capital of Germany • Torn down in 1989 • Guards were ordered to “shoot to kill”