Biomedical Imaging of the Future

1. Biomedical Imaging of the Future Alvin T. Yeh Department of Biomedical Engineering Texas A&M University Biomedical Imaging BMEN

2. Patient management and clinical care • Qualitative observations • Physical examinations • Quality care Physician experience/expertise Biomedical Imaging BMEN

3. Biomedical Imaging • Extension of physician’s ability to observe • Qualitative • morphological / structural • magnification • allow minimally invasive observations • Clinical imaging standards X-ray (CT), Ultrasound, MRI biopsy (pathology) Biomedical Imaging BMEN

4. Biomedical Imaging • Existing Technologies • Emerging Technologies • Imaging in Early Detection • Imaging in Therapy • Informatics • Education / Training Maximize information content Image Guided Interventions Data management, analysis, interpretation Biomedical Imaging BMEN

5. Existing Technologies • Tissue / Organ Level X-ray (CT), Ultrasound, MRI radionuclide imaging (PET) • low information content • (Sub)Cellular Level Histology  biopsy Electron microscopy Biomedical Imaging BMEN

6. Existing Technologies • Technical advancements (tissue / organ level) • spatial and temporal resolution • image acquisition time • detectors • contrast • Higher information content • functional, more specific • fundamental understanding of disease • provide diagnosis more specific to development, selection, evaluation of therapy Biomedical Imaging BMEN

7. Existing Technologies • Higher information content (cont’) • develop improved contrast enhancement agents / probes • physiological processes • dynamic • Multi-modal imaging / combinatorial techniques • Non-invasive normal disease Biomedical Imaging BMEN

8. Emerging Technologies • Imaging at the Tissue / Organ Level snapshots of organs or tissues over time • radionuclide imaging (PET) • fMRI, CT • (Sub)cellular Level anatomy, cell structure, histopathology of living tissue • Optical imaging • fluorescence • optical probes / labels Biomedical Imaging BMEN

9. Emerging Technologies • Bioluminescence • real time monitoring in living animals • tracking and monitoring infectious diseases / cancer metastasis • drug delivery, efficacy – toxicology screening • changing biologic experimental paradigm Biomedical Imaging BMEN

10. Emerging Technologies • High information content at high resolution • functionality / structure—function • vital indicators • gene expression • ion concentration • metabolism • membrane potential • Non-invasive, intravital imaging • serial biopsies Biomedical Imaging BMEN

11. Molecular Imaging • Imaging at the Molecular Level • cell function • metabolism • gene expression • drug and vector development / delivery • in vivo protein interactions • disease specific tracers and probes • Molecular Probes / Contrast Agents Biomedical Imaging BMEN

12. Molecular Imaging • Develop molecular probes & contrast agents • links imaging modality with specific biological processes • Image specific molecular targets • capitalize on mapping of human genome • Drug development • monitor drug delivery, validation & efficacy, effects on biological target Biomedical Imaging BMEN

13. Imaging for Early Detection of Disease • Clinical Standards • PET, fMRI  neurological disease • MRI  cardiac function imaging  contrast enhanced imaging for breast and other cancers • 3-D Ultrasound  breast cancer  prenatal exams  heart function Biomedical Imaging BMEN

14. Imaging for Early Detection of Disease • Develop more specific imaging • fundamental understanding of disease • pinpoint signifying events in disease onset • genetic imaging / origin of disease • Quantification of imaging • define biologic characteristics / parameters • standardization for comparison • monitor therapy & disease progression Biomedical Imaging BMEN

15. Imaging in Therapy • Exploit multiple (complementary) imaging modalities • diagnosis • position of lesion in 3-D • real time monitoring • Image Guided Interventions • Surgical computer aided design • Distance Medicine Biomedical Imaging BMEN

16. Image Guided Interventions Use of real time images for guidance, navigation and orientation to reach a specific target for a minimally invasive patient encounter. Biomedical Imaging BMEN

17. Image Guided Interventions • locate targets seamlessly across spatial scales • intra-operative, real time, 3-D image-guided navigation for moving / deformable tissues / organs • full array of anatomical, molecular, functional imaging • multimodal image guidance w/ cellular resolution • trajectory planning using image guidance • plan, guide, affect, monitor treatment Northwestern University Biomedical Imaging BMEN

18. Image Guided Interventions • less invasive • efficient • assurance of procedure outcome • cost • may add unnecessary complexity • images over interpreted  unnecessary procedures / over-diagnosis fewer complications less normal tissue damage Biomedical Imaging BMEN

19. Informatics • collection and processing of imaging data for research / medicine • manage large databases of patient information  extract information Biomedical Imaging BMEN

20. Informatics • Methods for image analysis and segmentation • Reconstruction methods • continuous across large spatial scales 3-D 4-D • Coherent assemblage of massive amounts of data  readily interpretable picture Biomedical Imaging BMEN

21. Education and Training • Multidisciplinary • chemistry, physics, (molecular) biology, pharmacology, medicine, biomedical engineering, bioinformatics, radiology… • principles of medical imaging, probe targeting /development, tracer methodologies, normal physiology, process of disease Biomedical Imaging BMEN

22. Education and Training • History: major advances in medical technology  fundamental discoveries in basic sciences • Biomedical Engineer – link various disciplines – navigate intellectual landscape • Know something about everything – be an expert in something Biomedical Imaging BMEN

23. Education and Training • improve health • promoting fundamental discoveries, design and development • translation and assessment of technological capabilities in biomedical imaging and bioengineering • translate fundamental or crosscutting discoveries and developments in information science, physics, chemistry, mathematics, materials science, computer sciences Biomedical Imaging BMEN