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G. Fantuzzi, E. Righi, and G. Aggazzotti

EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT TO TRIHALOMETHANES IN SWIMMING POOLS. G. Fantuzzi, E. Righi, and G. Aggazzotti. Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia – Italy. Guglielmina Fantuzzi Associate Professor of Hygiene, Faculty of Sciences Elena Righi Fellowship in Environmental

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G. Fantuzzi, E. Righi, and G. Aggazzotti

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  1. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT TO TRIHALOMETHANES IN SWIMMING POOLS G. Fantuzzi, E. Righi, and G. Aggazzotti Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia – Italy

  2. Guglielmina Fantuzzi Associate Professor of Hygiene, Faculty of Sciences Elena Righi Fellowship in Environmental Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine Gabriella Aggazzotti Full Professor of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine

  3. Disinfection by-products • Trihalomethanes: • Chloroform • Bromodichloromethane • Dibromochloromethane • Bromoform

  4. Health risk assessment Hazard identification Dose-response relationship Exposure assessment Risk characterization

  5. Exposure assessment to THMs Environmental monitoring • Water • Ambient air Biological monitoring • Alveolar air • Blood

  6. Environmental monitoring: THMs in pool water mg/l Swimming pools

  7. Environmental monitoring: THMs in ambient air mg/m3 Swimming pools

  8. Biological monitoring: chloroform in plasma mg/l Indoor swimming pools

  9. Chloroform in plasma mg/l

  10. Biological monitoring: chloroform in alveolar air mg/m3 Indoor swimming pools

  11. mg/m3 200 y= 9.06 + 0.555x n=16 r= 0.804 p<0.001 100 Chloroform in alveolar air 0 0 100 200 300 mg/m3 Chloroform in ambient air

  12. 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 competitive learners visitors Chloroform in alveolar air m g/m 3

  13. Chloroform uptake U= (C amb - C alv) x t x V

  14. Chloroform uptake (µg/h) Subjects 1 2 3 4 5 Before swimming 28 27 28 24 22 After swimming 209 202 193 134 146

  15. Kinetics of chloroform elimination g/m3 min Time after exposure

  16. Conclusions 1 Attending swimming pools, mainly indoor ones, causes exposure to THMs which are present in water and air.

  17. Conclusions 2 As chloroform represents about 95% of the total amount of THMs, biological monitoring can be performed only on this compound.

  18. Conclusions 3 Chloroform in plasma and in alveolar air depends on environmental levels and is influenced by the intensity of the physical activity.

  19. Conclusions 4 Agonistic swimmers are more exposed than non agonistic ones and visitors: however chloroform elimination via exhaled breath usually stops within ten hours.

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