BASIC HUMAN VALUES: AN OVERVIEW

1. BASIC HUMAN VALUES: AN OVERVIEW Theory, Methods, and Applications

2. Introduction to the Values Theory • Values  • Are criteria people use to evaluate actions, people, and events. • Each of us holds numerous values with varying degrees of importance.

3. The Ten basic values • Ten motivationally basic values are derived from three universal requirements of the human conditions. • Needs, social interaction, and survival. • Intended to include all the core values recognized in cultures around the world. • Self direction • Stimulation • Hedonism • Achievement • Power • Security • Conformity • Tradition • Benevolence • Universalism

4. The Structure of Value Relations

5. Applying the ten values to the case “Gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own life as they wish” - Conformity and Tradition values are negatively related to personal freedom of gay people. - Hedonism and Universalismvalues are positively related to freedom for gays.

6. Sources of Value Priorities People’s background: Age, Gender, Education Life circumstances Value Priorities

7. Pattern of Value Relations with Other Variables Variables: gender, age, education, socialization, and learning experiences • Value theory: a coherent structure enables us to treat peoples’ value systems (the Ten Values) • values that are close in the structure, should have similar association with others • when association of values with other variables most positively, the opposite of the circle values would view the most negatively associated values

8. Age Influences Values • Age influences values: • Cohorts (partners) • Physical Aging • Life Stage • Cohorts: effects on people's lives that arise from the characteristics of the historical periods during which they experienced in their stages of life such as childhood or middle age. (e.g., war, depression) • i.e. elders give higher priority to materialist values than younger due to economic and physical insecurity experience in adolescence. • While youngers give greater priority to self-direction, stimulation and less priority to security and tradition values

9. Age Influences Values • Physical Aging: strength, energy, cognitive speed, memory and sharpness of sense decline with age when age arises….. • Security values more important • While, stimulation values less important because risks are more threatening; and hedonism and achievement are less important • Life Stage: opportunities, demands, and constraints in life stages cause age differences in values • In early adulthood, work and family establishing is primary concern • In middle adulthood, stable work and family and maintain social networks

10. Gender Influences Values • Psychoanalytic Theorists • Women are more related and affiliated. • Men are more autonomous and individuated. • Cultural Feminist theories • Women show more concern for an ethic of care and responsibility. • Men focus more on an ethic of rights based on justice and fairness. • Social Role Theorists • Women assume more expressive, person-oriented roles • Men engage in and learn more instrumental, task-oriented roles

11. Education Influences Values • Educational Experiences • Increase the openness to non-routine ideas and activity central to stimulation values and self-direction values. • Education correlates positively with achievement values • The constant grading • Comparing of performance in schools • The higher priority to universalism values, the higher education we seek

12. Sources of Value Priorities People’s background: Age, Gender, Education Life circumstances Value Priorities

13. The Schwartz Value Survey (SVS)

14. The Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ)