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Unit 10: Dairy

Unit 10: Dairy. Chapters 27 & 28 & 5. Unit 10: Dairy. Unit 10 objectives: Understanding of various breeds of dairy cattle Genetic progress and selection Knowledge of nutritional concerns Understanding of operations, facilities, and waste management Disease pressures. Unit 10: Dairy.

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Unit 10: Dairy

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  1. Unit 10: Dairy Chapters 27 & 28 & 5

  2. Unit 10: Dairy • Unit 10 objectives: • Understanding of various breeds of dairy cattle • Genetic progress and selection • Knowledge of nutritional concerns • Understanding of operations, facilities, and waste management • Disease pressures

  3. Unit 10: Dairy

  4. Unit 10: Dairy • Dairy Type • Used to evaluate dairy cattle • Stature, angularity, long/lean neck, etc. • Good dairy type often leads to good milk production • But, not always • Dairy Cow Unified Scorecard & Linear Classification Scoring System • Evaluates cows on basis of type • Aids in selection of superior individuals

  5. Unit 10: Dairy • Cows/bulls are rated in each of the following categories • General appearance • Dairy character • Body capacity • Mammary system • Final score is added up • Excellent (EX): 90-100 • Very Good (VG): 85-89 • Good Plus (G+): 80-84 • Good (G): 75-79 • Fair (F): 65-74 • Poor (P): 50-64

  6. Unit 10: Dairy • Classification score can be used in calculating the Predicted Transmitting Ability for Type (PTAT) • Aids in the selection process • Can be a sales tool • Improving Milk Production • Milk production has changed greatly through time • 1940 23.7m cows avg. 4622lbs./c/yr • 2001 9.1m cows avg. 18139lbs./c/yr

  7. Unit 10: Dairy • Selection of Dairy Cows • Avg. productive life is short (3-4 yrs.) • Many culled due to: • Reproductive failure • Low milk yield • Udder breakdown • Poor feet/legs • Mastitis • Heifers should be chosen from families that are superior in these categories

  8. Unit 10: Dairy • Records are essential • National Cooperative Dairy Herd Improvement Program • Industry-wide production-testing and record-keeping program • Aka DHI • Facilitates the creation of a national production database

  9. Unit 10: Dairy • Options for DHI • Supervised test-technician weighs and samples milk for all cows in a 24 hr. period • Partially supervised-samples are taken alternately a.m. or p.m. by a technician and another person • Owner sampler-production data recorded by someone other than a technician • Supervised electronic test-data collected electronically and certified by a technician

  10. Unit 10: Dairy • DHI records are standardized to lactation length, 2x milking, and mature age • 305 ME • Increases accuracy of comparison • Breeding Dairy Cattle • Extremely important • May be the most challenging aspect of managing dairy operations

  11. Unit 10: Dairy • Visual detection of estrus • Restlessness • Enlarged vulva • Drop in milk production (temporary) • Permit other cows to mount • Majority of cattle are bred AI • High quality semen $25-150/unit • Lower quality semen $5-20/unit

  12. Unit 10: Dairy • Natural service has mostly been unpopular for 3 reasons: • Genetic superiority of AI bulls • Availability of superior semen through AI • Safety • Heritabilities for traits are widely varied, but highly accurate

  13. Unit 10: Dairy • Low her. (5-10%) • Ketosis, mastitis, cystic ovaries, milk fever • Medium her. (25-30%) • Yearly milk, protein, solids-not-fat, fat yield • Highly her. (>30%) • % fat, % prot., solids-not-fat

  14. Unit 10: Dairy • Inherited abnormalities • Short bones, rectal-vaginal constriction, dumps, fused teats, flexed pasterns (feet turn back), hairlessness, syndactylism (one toe) • Very rare • Often result in death • Genetic advancement has been so rapid because of the high use of AI • Superior sires may have >100,000 daughters • Data on each sire tends to be quite accurate

  15. Unit 10: Dairy • Crossbreeding is not common due to no improvement in milk production • Has been some crossbreeding to improve components • Ex. No crossbreeding program can equal the Holstein in milk production • Sire genetic evaluations are based on data of sire’s daughter compared w/ contemporary herdmates

  16. Unit 10: Dairy • PTA • Measured based on superiority/inferiority of his daughters • Sire Selection • Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) • Method used to calculate PTA • Can compare bulls between herds, bulls within herds, and bulls with offspring in many herds

  17. Unit 10: Dairy • PTA’s calculated for: • Milk • Protein • Fat • Type • Dollars returned • Net Merit • Can give an economic value to an individual

  18. Unit 10: Dairy • TPI (Type Production Index) • Can give one value combining PTA’s of milk, type, udder composite, and fat • Helpful in predicting offspring • Good sales tool

  19. Unit 10: Dairy • Dairy farm demographics • Avg. size 100 milking cows, 30 dry cows, 100 heifers • Farm 200-300 ac. Raising most of own forage • Market milk through cooperative • Sell ~2.2m lbs. milk annually • Worth ~$230,000 • Avg. capital investment ~$500,000

  20. Unit 10: Dairy • Nutrition of Lactating Cows • Average 305d lactation production 16,870 • Many herds avg. >25,000/c/yr • Top producing cows >40,000 lbs/c/yr • Some may avg. >150 lbs./d • >5 lbs. milk fat • >4.5 lbs. protein

  21. Unit 10: Dairy • World Record Lactation? • Lucy LaFoster Dairy Cleveland, NC • 365d • 75,275lbs. • Great need for energy and total lbs. of feed • Ex. Cow producing 40lbs. Milk, 1400 lbs. BW needs 1.25x more energy for lactation than maintenance

  22. Unit 10: Dairy • Dairy cow lactation curves • Early stages of lactation • DMI and energy intake lag behind milk prod. • BW is lost • Negative energy balance • Mid lactation • DMI finally catches up to milk prod. needs • BW begins to climb • Reproductive performance is much better

  23. Unit 10: Dairy • Late Lactation • DMI stays adequate for daily milk prod. • Cows gain BW • Should be preg. • Body Condition Scoring • 1-5 scale • Much like the beef scale • Critical gauge for cow health and nutritional needs

  24. Unit 10: Dairy • Elements of a successful dairy nutrition program • Water • High quality feedstuffs • Adequate length of fiber • Optimal level of grain supplement • Monitor cud chewing • Sufficient bunk space • Consistent, high DMI

  25. Unit 10: Dairy • Feed available 24 hrs./d • Especially after milking • No free-choice ration components • This can vary • Concentrate on cow comfort • Minimize variation in feedstuffs • Manage health problems

  26. Unit 10: Dairy • Ideal day in the life of a cow • 50% lying down • 21% eating • 13% milking • 4% drinking • 6% each social and lockups? • What should rations be based on? • High-quality forages are cheapest, most effective source of nutrients

  27. Unit 10: Dairy • TMR • Total mixed ration • All feed components are mixed into one presentation • Rations should closely reflect stage of lactation • Number of rations on a farm • Depends on size • Must match the number of effective rations to what is most economical and efficient

  28. Unit 10: Dairy • Lets look at a 500 cow dairy • What types of rations would we need? • What types of rations would match cow needs? • Ration components • Forages must be tested regularly • Supplements should be formulated to match production goals based on forage quality • Energy • Protein • Min/vit

  29. Unit 10: Dairy • Feed cost typically is ~50% of farm expenses • Adjusting for Heat Stress • May decrease milk prod. 8-10lbs./c/d • Stress begins at 77F • Symptoms of heat stress • Temp >102.5

  30. Unit 10: Dairy • Excessive panting • What else do they lose? • Decreased DMI • As much as 15% • Decreased pregnancy rate • Can be 20%

  31. Unit 10: Dairy • Nutrition of Dry Cows • Feeding and management heavily influences production in next lactation • Drying a cow off • Stop milking • Treat for mastitis • Dry period is 45-60d • Much research is being focused on this area

  32. Unit 10: Dairy • Must be separated from milking herd • Nutritional differences • Not milking • Cow comfort • Close-up dry cows • Last 14-21d of dry period • Separate if possible • Closely monitor feed intake • Can greatly reduce health problems at calving

  33. Unit 10: Dairy • Nutrition of Replacement Heifers • Most can do well on high forage and 2-3 lbs. grain • Heifers should be large enough to breed at 15 mos. • 800 lbs. • Weight is more critical than age • Heavier heifers will milk more first lactation • Why?

  34. Unit 10: Dairy • Recent studies on accelerated heifer growth • Reaching breeding wt. at 12-13 mos. • What is the economic gain? • Calving Operations • Must be clean and well-bedded • Assistance necessary if cow has not calved after 4-6 hrs. of labor

  35. Unit 10: Dairy • Dip navel in iodine • Colostrum feeding • Antibodies for disease resistance • Should be fed within the first hour • 2nd feeding within ~6 hrs. • Gut closure • Nursing is not permitted usually • Remove asap

  36. Unit 10: Dairy • First 4-8 wks. • Milk replacer • Why not whole milk? • Water • Dry feed • Separate from other calves • Wean as soon as they are eating ~3 lbs./d for 3 d

  37. Unit 10: Dairy • Milking and Housing Facilities • Free stalls • Tie/Stanchion stalls • Loose housing • Pasture • Which is the most efficient? • Which is the most comfortable? • Which is the most popular?

  38. Unit 10: Dairy • Milking Center/parlor • Manure must be done at least daily, usually 2-3x • Unless on bedded pack • Waste Management • Many local, state, and federal regulations • Must now have a nutrient management plan • Certified Livestock Manager

  39. Unit 10: Dairy • SC study • >75% of dairies overfeeding P • New NRC has decreased the recommended P feeding rate • Nutrient Management Plan • Site information • Name, contact info., emergency info. • Production data • No. animals, amount of waste

  40. Unit 10: Dairy • Permit information • Manure application records • Date, amount, no. acres, method, applicator, wind speed/direction, temp, soil conditions, sky conditions • Test results • Soil tests • Nutrient tests • Dead stock disposal plan

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