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The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System. (Review) Cellular Respiration. Process by which energy from food molecules like glucose is transferred to ATP which is a usable form of energy to be used for cellular processes Takes place in the Mitochondria Also called “Internal Respiration”

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The Respiratory System

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  1. The Respiratory System

  2. (Review) Cellular Respiration • Process by which energy from food molecules like glucose is transferred to ATP which is a usable form of energy to be used for cellular processes • Takes place in the Mitochondria • Also called “Internal Respiration” • Aerobic: when oxygen is present • Anaerobic: when oxygen supplies are low • Produces fewer ATP (2 instead of 36) • Produces lactic acid as a by product

  3. Human Respiratory System • Function: • to exchange gases between the blood and the external environment • Also called “External Respiration” • Take in oxygen • Get rid of carbon dioxide • Excess water also removed

  4. A system of passageways connects lungs to outside air and permits air to enter the lungs and wastes to leave Pathway that air follows: • Nose and Nasal Cavity • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli • Respiration Animation: • http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX7a51620305036844477802&t=Respiratory-System

  5. Gases in the Bloodstream • Blood leaving lungs, high in oxygen • Blood entering lungs, high in carbon dioxide • Oxygen carried mainly by hemoglobin in RBCs • Carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood plasma

  6. Nose and Nasal Passages • Air enters and is warmed by blood flowing through capillaries near skin • Air is moistened and filtered by: • hairs lining nostrils • Cilia lining surfaces • Mucous secretions that trap dust, pollen etc… • The mucous and what it traps eventually dry out and form “boogers” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Fz5HiL0cgA&safe=active

  7. Sense of Smell

  8. Pharynx: (throat) • Passageway for the air as it travels on towards trachea • Food also passes through here • Larynx: • Contains the vocal cords, whose vibrations make speech possible • Clip showing woman’s vocal cords vibrating at high/low pitch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpOXecWC5Dw&safe=active

  9. Trachea: • Connects the pharynx with the bronchi • Tube is rigidly supported by cartilaginous ridges • When swallowing, the epiglottis covers the trachea preventing food from entering the “windpipe”

  10. Cleaning the Air We Breathe • Trachea and bronchiole tubes are lined with a ciliated membrane. • Mucous secretions trap particles • Cilia sweep foreign particles back up into the pharynx where they are swallowed or coughed up • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miEEluVlemQ&safe=active

  11. Why do we Cough? • http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX066c555347077350076077&t=Respiratory-System

  12. Bronchi: • 2 branches off trachea that enter the lungs • Bronchioles: • smaller and smaller tubes that eventually end in alveoli

  13. Alveoli • The functional units for respiration in lungs • Thin walled sacs • one cell thick • Surrounded by capillary network

  14. MicroAnatomy of the Lungs: Alveoli • http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX045c7b745d0a6d435f5245&t=Respiratory-System

  15. Alveoli and Gas Exchange • Each alveolar sac is coated on the inside with a liquid called surfactant • This liquid surface is necessary for gas exchange to take place • Gas is exchanged by diffusion • Area of higher concentration to lower concentration • Type of passive transport • No energy required • Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into surrounding capillaries • Carbon dioxide and some water diffuses from capillaries into alveoli

  16. The Respiratory System: How it Works (3:30) • http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX5a5b076c436a5b690d0373&t=Respiratory-System • Make a Lung/Diaphragm Model • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRv2zYH5p9k&safe=active

  17. Mechanism of Breathing Controlled by your nervous system and by muscles of the diaphragm and ribcage

  18. Lungs have no muscle tissue and cannot move by themselves • They contract and expand due to pressure changes causes by the movement of the diaphragm and ribcage • Normal breathing rate = 12-25 per minute

  19. Inhale: • Rib cage rises as rib muscles contract • Diaphragm muscle lowers as it contracts • Space in your chest cavity increases and creates a lower air pressure space (vacuum) that causes gas from outside to rush in to lungs

  20. Exhale: • Ribcage lowers • Diaphragm goes up as it relaxes • Chest volume decreases • Increased pressure on air inside lungs forces most of it out of alveoli Breathing Animation: http://www.biotopics.co.uk/humans/inhexh.html

  21. Control of Breathing • You can control it to some extent • Mostly it is an involuntary process • Controlled by respiratory center in the brain • in medulla oblongata

  22. How does your body know to speed up breathing rate during exercise? • Chemoreceptors: • sensory tissue lining aorta and other large arteries sense amount of dissolved carbon dioxide in blood. • Send message to respiratory center in brain • Too much CO2 = breath deeper and more frequently

  23. In addition the presence of lactic acid from heavy exercise can also stimulate the respiratory centers of the brain

  24. Diseases of the Respiratory System • Asthma: • severe allergic reaction causes wheezing, coughing • bronchioles squeeze air passages closed during attack

  25. Pneumonia: • alveoli become filled with fluid preventing gas exchange • caused by bacterial infection

  26. Tuberculosis: • Lung infection caused by bacteria. • Highly contagious • Chest pain, prolonged cough (may cough up blood) • May cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs.

  27. Cystic Fibrosis: genetic disorder (recessive) • Abnormally thick, sticky mucus in lungs • Difficult for cilia to remove mucus • Frequent chest infections, coughing, shortness of breath

  28. Lung Injury • Collapsed Lung: due to puncture of lung cavity

  29. Asbestosis: • Asbestos fibers get trapped in lungs • Fibers irritate lung tissue creating scarring and initiating a chronic inflammatory response • No cure

  30. Smoking and the Respiratory System • Chemicals in tobacco smoke damage structures throughout the respiratory tract. • Nicotine: • addictive stimulant that increases heart rate and blood pressure and can increase risk of heart attack • Carbon Monoxide: • poisonous gas that blocks hemoglobin from binding with oxygen • Tar: • contains at least 60 compounds known to cause cancer. • Ex: arsenic, formaldehyde

  31. Smoke paralyzes cilia • One cigarette stops their motion for about 20 minutes • Mucus laden with particles has trouble leaving the airways resulting in “smokers cough”

  32. Diseases Caused by Smoking • Chronic Bronchitis: • bronchial tubes become irritated and swollen • Passageways swell and clog with mucus • Heavy coughing and difficulty breathing

  33. Emphysema: • Fragile walls of alveoli become damaged, scarred and broken • Less surface area for gas exchange • Lungs become less elastic • Get shortness of breath • Damage to lungs cannot be fixed

  34. Lung Cancer: • Tumors crowd out functional surfaces for gas exchange and steal blood supply • By the time it is detected, it has usually spread to body • Usually caused by smoking

  35. Adaptations for Gas Exchange in Animals • Need moist thin walled respiratory surface • for O2 and CO2 exchange • More surface area = more gas exchange

  36. Protists and Small Multicellular Organisms • Amoeba, Paramecium, Hydra: • Most cells are in direct contact with environment • Diffusion of gases occurs across cell membrane directly

  37. Aquatic Animals • Most often exchange gases through gills • Thin layers of tissue richly supplied with blood vessels • Provide large surface area for gas exchange • There is much less dissolved oxygen in water than in air • Air = 20%, water <1% • Must constantly move large amount of water over respiratory surface by pumping or swimming

  38. Earthworm • Thin outer skin is the respiratory surface • Below skin are capillaries carrying blood with hemoglobin • Live in moist soil and constantly secretes mucus to keep skin moist • If exposed to air and dries out it will suffocate

  39. Grasshopper • System of tracheal tubes for gas exchange • Branching air tubes carry air directly to cells • Muscle contractions pump air in and out of tubes • Spiracles: outside openings that lead to tracheal tubes

  40. Review Website: • http://kidshealth.org/teen/your_body/body_basics/lungs.html • Review of Respiration: • http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15104 • Review Website with Practice Problems • http://www.biotopics.co.uk/humans/resyst.html • Interactive Anatomy Website: • http://www.anatronica.com/anatronica-flash-respiratory-system.html • Interactive Practice: • Label the parts of the Respiratory System • http://www.neok12.com/diagram/Respiratory-System-01.htm

  41. Respiratory System: (25 minutes Coronet Film) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWnlhcqJlRk&list=PL2FC882112DF30CFB&index=24&safe=active • Bill Nye: The Respiratory System (25 minutes) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q3Do0eeRReU&list=PLORF26ONn8gSytdZkl1TlWZxsDwJG-6vN&safe=active

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