REVIEW

1. REVIEW • Look at the following 7 pictures and determine which stage of sleep each represents. • Be sure to explain your choice

2. Which Stage of Sleep Am I In?

3. Which Stage of Sleep Am I In?

4. Which Stage of Sleep Am I In?

5. Which Stage of Sleep Am I In?

6. Which Stage of Sleep Am I In?

7. Which Stage of Sleep Am I In?

8. Which Stage of Sleep Am I In?

9. Did You Know…?

10. DREAMING

11. SO MANY QUESTIONS Why can't I wake up in the middle of a dream? If I die in my dream, am I dying in reality? What do dreams mean? Why do I have dreams about falling? Why do dreams seem so real? Why can I control some of my dreams?

12. Dreams • ____________________: dreams in which the person is aware of the dream and may even control the action in the dream. • Dream content arises from thoughts and ideas but some may be influenced by external events (i.e. police siren wailing may “turn” your dream in a different direction) LUCID DREAMS

13. BEST METHOD FOR LUCID DREAMING • Set your alarm clock to wake you up 4 ½ hours after falling asleep • When you are awakened by your alarm clock, try to remember the dream as much as possible. • When you think you have remembered as much as you can, return to your place of rest, imagining that you are in your previous dream, and becoming aware that you are dreaming. Say to yourself, "I will be aware that I'm dreaming," or something similar. Do this until you think that it has "sunk in." Then go to sleep. • If random thoughts pop up when you are trying to fall asleep, repeat the imagining, self-suggestion part, and try again. Don't worry if you think it's taking a long time. The longer it takes, the more likely it will 'sink in,' and the more likely you will have a lucid dream.

14. Dream Theories

15. DREAMING • Nearly all mammals dream • (Except the spiny anteater, porpoises, and bottlenose dolphins) • No one knows for certain WHY we dream • 4 Theories to answer this question

16. REASONS FOR DREAMING UNCONSCIOUS WISHES • 1) Dreams as ________________________ • Founded by __________________________ • What else is he famous for? • Dreams express wishes, motives, and conflicts that we are unaware of SIGMUND FREUD

17. Nothing happens by chance, every action is motivated by the unconscious. • In every day life humans hold back urges and impulses because they are too disturbing for society. • Impulses and urges need to be released in some way. • Dreaming is one way to release and confront impulses and urges. Sigmund Freud

18. In dreams, we are able to express our unconscious wishes and desires, which are often sexual or violent in nature. Be careful, though. Sometimes “a cigar is only a cigar”.

19. FREUD • To understand your dreams, you must separate the… ____________________: the conscious aspects of sleep that we remember when we wake up …FROM THE… ___________________: hidden or symbolic imagery MANIFEST CONTENT LATENT CONTENT

20. Symbols and Meanings According to Freudian theory, dreams of falling indicate that you are contemplating giving in to a sexual urge or impulse. To see your teacher (past or present) in your dream suggests that you are seeking some advice, guidance, or knowledge. To see or eat pizza in your dream represents abundance, choices, and variety. It may also indicate that you are lacking or feeling deprived of something.

21. FREUD – Unconscious Wishes • Every dream is meaningful no matter how absurd! • REMEMBER!!! Freud focused on sexual instincts as a means for explaining behavior!

22. Freud’s Interpretation of Dreams • People and objects may be represented or disguised as something else or as symbols • EXAMPLES • A penis may be disguised as a snake, umbrella, or dagger • The human body may be disguised as a house • A family member may appear as a complete stranger

23. Manifest vs. Latent Content

24. QUICK REVIEW • What is a lucid dream? • According to Freud, what is the reason for dreaming? Do you agree? Why or why not? • What is the difference between Manifest Content and Latent Content?

25. TYPES OF DREAMS CURRENT CONCERNS • 2) Dreams as REFLECTIONS OF ____________________________________: Dreams reflect the things you encounter in life • Relationships, work, school, health, etc. • Very literal translation • EXAMPLE) College students often dream about being unable to finish an exam or arrive too late to complete an exam

26. PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMPLE DREAM: Woman swimming underwater with her child on her back Husband was trying to take a picture but couldn’t = The woman is “drowning” under the responsibilities of childcare and her husband wasn’t getting the picture!

27. INTERESTING INFO. • Because men and women differ in interests and activities, what topics do you think might be more prevalent in a woman’s dream? • Man’s dream? • Do you think solutions to problems ever come in dream form?

28. REASONS FOR DREAMING • 3) Dreams as a means of ____________________________: • The Brain throws away useless information that you may have learned that day and stores what you need • DREAMS HAVE NO MEANING!...THEY ARE MENTAL GARBAGE MENTAL HOUSEKEEPING

29. “Mental Housekeeping” DISCARDEDRETAINED (UNIMPORTANT INFO) (IMPORTANT INFO) Price of Tuna New Karate Move Noon Traffic Jam Information for Exam Dentist’s Phone Number Date on Saturday

30. REASONS FOR DREAMING INTERPRETED • 4. Dreams as ______________________ _______________________________ • Neural signals are triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain • The cortex tries to make sense of these signals by integrating them with existing knowledge BRAIN ACTIVITY

31. Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity • Example: When neurons fire in the part of the brain responsible for balance, the cortex may generate a dream about falling

32. So… WHICH THEORY DO YOU AGREE WITH MOST? WHY?

33. Which Theory is Right? • Each theory provides insight but also has drawbacks 1) Freud’s interpretations are a bit far-fetched • NO RELIABLE RULES exist for interpreting the latent content of dreams 2) Dreams may more clearly express our problems but, it is believed that we CANNOT solve problems in our dreams 3) Mental housekeeping ideas tell us more about the functions of REM sleep than about dreaming. 4) Interpreted Brain Activity can’t account for all imagery

34. CURRENTLY Dreams as Current Concerns • CURRENTLY, scientists believe ____________________________________ to be the most accurate interpretation of dreams, however, evidence is constantly changing.

35. JOURNAL ENTRY Which dream theory do YOU think is most accurate? Use your theory to create a brief interpretation of your dream. BE APPROPRIATE!

36. QUICK QUIZ • In his dreams, Andy is an infant crawling through a dark tunnel looking for something he has lost. Which theory of dreams would be most receptive to each of the following explanations.

37. #1 • Andy recently misplaced a valuable watch but eventually found it. WHICH THEORY BEST EXPLAINS THIS?

38. #2 • While Andy was sleeping, neurons in his pons that would ordinarily stimulate parts of the brain involved in leg-muscle movements were active. WHICH THEORY BEST EXPLAINS THIS?

39. #3 • Andy has repressed an early sexual attraction to his mother; the tunnel symbolizes her vagina. WHICH THEORY BEST EXPLAINS THIS?

40. #4 • Andy has broken up with his girlfriend and is working through the emotional loss WHICH THEORY BEST EXPLAINS THIS?