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RAIL IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS

RAIL IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS. By Harry Gow. GREENER PASTURES. « The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence » We wish we had railways « like those in Europe » European and Japanese railways are often held up as examples in modernity and excellence

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RAIL IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS

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  1. RAIL IN OTHER JURISDICTIONS By Harry Gow

  2. GREENER PASTURES • « The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence » • We wish we had railways « like those in Europe » • European and Japanese railways are often held up as examples in modernity and excellence • Are our railways under-equipped and ineffective? • How do we stack up?

  3. OTHER JURISDICTIONS • Reference will be had to railways in: • Canada, the United States, Europe, Australia and elsewhere. • Sources include: • Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer (UIC) • Railway Association of Canada (RAC) • Union Internationale des Chemins de fer (UIC) • American Association of Railroads (AAR) • Trade Journals • Personal observation • Other

  4. INTERNATIONAL DATA:RAILWAYS: Passenger millions km, Freight million tonne/km • Europe: Pass 575,326 Frt 1,861,023 • N. America: Pass 10,740 Frt 2,465,236 • Canada: Pass 1,564 Frt 220,000 RAC • Australia: Pass 1,350 Frt. 38,525 • World: Pass. 1,906,597 Frt. 7,471,720 Source: UIC 2001 Proportions of passenger to freight vary greatly!

  5. RAILWAY MODAL SHAREPASSENGER AND FREIGHT • Europe (EU) passenger: 7% of passenger km • USA passenger: 0.6 % of passenger km • Europe freight: 15% of tonne km • USA freight: 40.4 % of tonne km (UIC 2001)

  6. AUSTRALIAMODAL SHARES • Rail freight tonne km: 137,700 million (appr. 33%) • Allfreight tonne km: 374,000 million • Passenger rail km: 548 850 million (% not avail.) • (Est. Greenhouse gas emissions of Aus. Rail 0.3% of total Australian gg emissions ) • Discussion: How do we explain this last percentage? Note discrepancies with UIC figures! • Source Australian Transport Statistics 2003

  7. Freight Revenue tonmiles - 220 billion in 2001 221 billion in 2000 (32% non-bulk) Passenger km 4,11 million pass in 2001; for 1,564.1 million pass km - 4.07 million pass in 2000; for 1,478.8 million pass km CANADARAIL

  8. ANALYSIS OTHER JURISDICTIONS IMPORTANCE OF RAIL MODE • In Europe: Rail Passenger greater Rail freight less • In USA, Australia and Canada Rail passenger less Rail freight greater

  9. JAPAN, RUSSIA & CHINA • Pass million km Frt million ton- km Japan: 240,658 21,800 Russia: 125,834 1,249,166 China: 463,655 1,424,980 ____________________ (Source UIC 2001) Note: Proportionally Japan shows a « European » profile:high rail passenger, low freight, Russia & China similar

  10. INVESTMENTSPOLL OF CAPITAL EXPENDITURE Australia: Aus. Track Corp, 15 m USD BHP Iron Ore 35.86 m USD Queensland Railways m 301.17 USD 83.80 m USD for passenger coaches by QR Canada: CPR 453.64 m USD VIA RAIL: 80.31 m USD 25.16 m USD for pass. Coaches by VIA + 12.05 mUSD refurb (Source IRJ 2001)

  11. POLL (Continued) France: SNCF 951.54 m USD au total (Coaches 300 m USD) RFF 1,329.04 m USD Switzerland: CFF 1,528.59 USD USA: BNSF 1,650 m USD UP 1,600 m USD (Source IRJ)

  12. RAIL NETWORK LENGTH VS INVESTMENT IN RAIL INFRASTR. • NAFTA 23 % of world network length 14 % of world investment • European Union 15 % of length 43 % of investment • China 6 % of length 17 % of investment (Source IRJ: length, World Bank; - investment, DVB)

  13. North America and Australia Lower investment per km of track Lower investment in coaches Total amounts for infrastructure still large Competitive advantage slipping Road « investments »! European Union + China XX + investment for length Part of explanation proportions of freight vs. Passenger Part of explanation role of state. Subsidies to roads vary SOME GENERALIZATIONS

  14. FUEL CONSUMPTION BY RAIL • In Canada Revenue Ton Km per litre of fuel jumped 26.4 % from 133 RTK per l in 1992 to 168 RTK per l in 2001, - Upgraded loco fleet & train handling; (RAC 2002) • Result is less GGE gaseous emissions. • Rail freight typically consumes less fuel than road freight: ratio 1 to 3 or 1 to 4 (AAR)

  15. ENERGY USE BY RAIL –EUROPE, RUSSIA & CHINA • Increasing electrification (now from Gasgow to Vladivostock - in 2003) • Sources multiple: Swiss hydro, French nuclear, Russian both, China coal & hydro, (Denmark some wind!) • Transborder freight diesels increasing • High speed (electric) rail very energy efficient replacing airlines: Paris-Brussels, Paris-Lyon-Marseille, Germany, Spain, Italy, US, Japan • Local transport: Tram-trains (el., some deisel)

  16. GLOBALISATION OF RAILWAYS • First railways used British technology, then developed specialized national systems • High costs for systems esp. vehicles • Transborder difficulties, tech., customs, et c especially for freight in Europe • Technical obsolecence, conservatism • Road mode more internationalised

  17. GLOBALIZATION • Rise of international markets and suppliers: ex. Bombardier in China, GM in England, et c • The appearance of techniques in new countries • (Seimans signals in Edmonton etc, Indusi - OC • International operators, ex. WC–CN in the UK • Harmonisation between countries • More technology transfers

  18. IMPACT OF TRENDS ON GGEEXAMPLES • Higher norms may apply on a wider area • Canadian GM locos in Europe more powerful and efficient, help attract freight from road • Bombardier and Alstom world leaders in energy-efficient rolling stock; Acela their electric Euro train in USA replacing air trips Boston – New York - Washington • Modern signalling and control systems can eliminate waste of energy, idling • Use of European vehicles implies tougher emission standards ex. Talent BR 643 meet Euro 2 standards

  19. POENTIAL FOR IMPROVEMENTEUROPE • Further reduction of border effects NA style double-stack on dedicated frt. Lines • More tunnels through mountains, under straits • Harmonization and spread of Euro standards • Linking-up of national HSR networks e g France-Spain, France-CH-Germany-Italy-Benelux • Tram-train on wider basis incl. transborder • European signalling systems • Efficiencies from common providors of equipment

  20. POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVEMENTAUSTRALIA • Continue unification of network – stqndard gauge • Extension of network – Alice Springs- Darwin now connected (Sept. 2003) First frt Jan. 2004, first pass. Feb. 2004 – • Lift more clearances for double stacked containers • Infill electrification – Melbourne, Sydney, Queensland • Improve Sydney – Darwin; line configuration, passing loops • More unified freight network • New generation diesels • Greater use of rail for transit: Vic, WA, SA, Qld • Wider use of tilting passenger trains (QR) • More continuous investment by feds • Favours access to local services and business • Fosters local development

  21. POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVEMENTContinue new line construction and electrification (China)Electrification of now diesel lines (Russia)Improve links with EU and future EU country networks; gauge changers (5ft – 4’8 ½’’)Improve links to Central Asian countries and ultimately southern tier countries Enhance transcontinental container haulageIntroduce European innovations such as tram-train

  22. POTENTIAL : CANADA • Further improvement to investment régime • Continued taxation reforms • State incentives for investment in green rail initiatives- ex. Green Goat et c • Federal and provincial investment in transit and inter-city passenger, capacity imrovement, HSR • Adoption of European techology such as low-emission diesl light rail on a wider basis • TEA (USA) – type intermodal investment prog.

  23. RAIL IN OTHER JURISDICTIONSSUMMARY • European and Asian railways have a strong share of passengers • North American and Australian railways do better with freight than do the Euros • We can learn from other jurisdictions: Technology, legislation, financing, emissions reductions, power sources

  24. OTHWER JURISDICTIONSLESSONS • Rail contributes little GES per ton-km, • More emissions reductions are accomplished by improving rail systems • We do surprisingly well here compared to others • Our problem is that we are often satisfied with that • Other cultures may value clean air more than does ours (Denmark, Switzerland) & act on it -> Rail • Distance is not a barrier to improved passenger rail (viz. European HSR runs of over 1000 km) • Population density is also a false criterion (Australia)

  25. ACTIONHERE • 1. Take global warming seriously • 2. Learn from the world(Acela, GM et al) • 3. Think globally, act locally (Ottawa & …)

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