Factors Influencing Workers and Their Careers

1. Factors Influencing Workers and Their Careers Chapter 3 Dr. William M. Bauer

2. Personal Factors • Gender • Average male income $37,399 • Average female income $27,355 • Reasons • Initial occupational choice • Time spent in the work role • Discrimination • Glass ceiling

3. Personal Factors (continued) • Minority Status • 70/30 now (white vs. nonwhites) • Evidence shows that minority workers do not work well in workplace • Except Asian Americans • 7.5 whites • 22.1 African Americans • 21.2 Hispanics live in poverty • 25.9 Native Americans • Religion in some cases restrict types of jobs • Lifestyle (Native Americans are not used to working on a time clock).

4. Personal Factors (continued) • Physique • Physical capacities for some jobs • Some are stereotypical • The disability dilemma • Influence jobs • Also create stigmatism (if you can’t walk, then you can’t ………….. • Sometimes irrelevant whether person has disability • JAN • Where does having a disability matter ???? • Employment responsibility

5. Personal Factors (continued) • Sexual Orientation • All theories of employment focus on heterosexual orientation. • Discrimination • People may choose jobs because they feel safer.

6. Personal-Psychological Characteristics • Aptitude-capacities and abilities required of an individual to learn or adequately perform a task or job duty. • Cognitive • Psychomotor • Physical • Sensory

7. Personal-Psychological Characteristics • Interests • Expressed Interests-verbal statements • Manifests Interests-through actions and participation • Inventoried Interests-based on response to questions (likes and dislikes) • Tested Interests • Revealed under controlled situations

8. Personal-Psychological Characteristics • Personality • Sum of the total of person’s beliefs, perceptions, emotions, and attitudes and may include the behavior of personality. • Myers-Briggs (4 polar scales) • Extroversion Introversion • Sensing Intuition • Thinking Feeling • Judging Perceiving *some companies use the MB for determining if job is even offered to a person

9. Personal-Psychological Characteristics • Values • Needs that guide our behavior and serve as standards against which e judge our behavior and the behavior of others. • Differ from interests in that they serve as standards as interests do not. • Values types: • Theoretical • Economic • Social • Political • Aesthetic • Religious

10. Personal-Sociological Characteristics • Impact on person but involve others close to that person. • Family Socioeconomic Status • Oppenheimer (1982) • Life cycle squeezes • Establish independent household • Children Reach adolescence • Couple reach postretirement period • More money in family the richer experiences for the children

11. Personal-Sociological Characteristics (continued) • Access to Education • Pride in free education system however, flawed. • Not uniformly equal, DeRolph Case • Quality not equal • Factors • Funding (unfunded mandates) • Crowded classes • Lower-quality staff • Restricted facilities and resources • Rural schools have limited finances • Urban schools have incidences of welfare and low income • Both have • Poor attendance • High dropouts • Limited number of programs

12. Personal-Sociological Characteristics (continued) • Lifestyle • Single parent families • Dual Career families *What are the impact of these two types of families?

13. External Factors • Influence of Work depends on • Training time • Physical Demand of Work • Environmental conditions

14. Sociological Influences • Occupational Prestige (p.74) • Look at these two paragraphs and compare and contrast. What do you believe? • Discrimination • Occupational Mobility • Admission to Occupations • College and University control

15. Sociological Influences • Economic Factors • Supply and Demand • Entrepreneurial Withdrawal • Taking fees out of business • Fees • Private Practice • Compensation of Employees • Salaries vs. hourly rates

16. Definitions to remember • Employed • Civilians who worked for pay any time during the week that includes the twelfth day in the month for at least an hour, or who worked unpaid for at least 15 hours in a family operated business • Those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because of illness, vacation, industrial disput, or similar reasons during that week. • Members of the armed forces stationed in the US.

17. Definitions to remember • Unemployed • Frictional unemployed-temporary joblessness • Cyclical-factory worker • Structural-technological change that eliminate the need for the worker • Underemployment • Employed but is in a job that is below his or her level of skill • Discouraged worker-without a job who is no longer looking for work because they believe that no job is available (no longer counted as unemployed).

18. Definitions to remember • Legal Factors • Local, state and national regulations. • Minimum wage • Health and safety standards • Workers compensation • ADA (1990) • Title I Employment (reasonable accommodations) • Title II Public Services (transportation) • Title III Public Accommodations (accessibility) • Title IV Telecommunications- (Telephone service) • Title V Miscellaneous (coercing people who have disabilities from asserting their rights)

19. OSHA Factors • Occupational Safety and Health Administration • 14-15 year olds rules (page 88) • 16-17 year olds rules (page 88) • Review