Key area 7- Effect of lifestyle choices on animal transport systems

1. Key area 7- Effect of lifestyle choices on animal transport systems

2. Effect of lifestyle Learning Intention: Learn the effects the environment and a poor lifestyle can have on the body. Success Criteria: Show an understanding of the effect of lifestyle choices and the effect on wider society. Show an understanding what affect the environment can play on health.

3. Lifestyle • Discussion: 2 minutes!! • Discuss with your partner, ‘What is a healthy lifestyle?’ • Think of as many ideas as you can. • Ideas: • Plenty of exercise, a balanced diet, fruit and veg, drinking water, having friends, socialising, not smoking, not drinking to much alcohol, not taking drugs, playing sport, not much salt, not too many sweets, living in the countryside, stress free job……………

4. Effects of a poor lifestyle • The effects of a poor lifestyle can be wide ranging. • What are the most common poor lifestyle choices? • high fat/salt foods, lacking vitamins and minerals,smoking, lack of exercise and drinking too much alcohol, taking drugs. • The most common conditions that these can be contributed too in the UK are:- • Cardiovascular disease (including heart attacks and strokes), • Diabetes, • Various Cancers.

5. Group Task • Using the following information on the ppt slides, research from your phones, general knowledge and the laminated sheets, prepare an information poster on the effect on lifestyle of: • Obesity. • Coronary Heart Disease. • Heart Attacks. • Stroke. • Effect of Alcohol consumption. • Also include information on:- • What they are. • How many people are affected by these diseases? • What can cause them? • What can be done to reduce the risk of developing them? • The impact they have on sufferers and society as a whole.

6. Cardiovascular disease • Cardiovascular disease is a term for all diseases of the heart and circulation, including heart disease, stroke, heart failure and congenital heart disease. • http://www.bhf.org.uk/media/news-from-the-bhf/bhf-facts.aspx • Collectively, heart and circulatory diseases account for more than 159,000 deaths each year in the UK. • The cost of premature death, lost productivity, hospital treatment and prescriptions is estimated at £19 billion.

7. Coronary Heart Disease • Around one in six men and one in nine women die from heart disease. • CHD is responsible for almost 74,000 deaths in the UK each year, an average of 200 people each day. • More than 25,000 people under the age of 75 in the UK die from CHD each year. • There are nearly 2.3 million people living with heart disease in the UK. • There are nearly 1.4 million men and almost 900,000women with CHD in the UK. • Death rates from heart disease are highest in Scotland and northern England and lowest in southern England. • The UK spends nearly £2 billion each year on the healthcare costs of treating heart disease .

8. Fatty deposits can build up in arteries, leading to blood clots. These can cause strokes and heart attacks. The normal heart has some fat deposited on it but it’s still red in colour and normal shaped. The diseased heart is swollen, covered in fat and yellow/pink in colour.

9. Heart attacks • Most deaths from heart disease are caused by a heart attack. • There are around 103,000 heart attacks in the UK each year. • Around 50,000 men and 32,000 women in England suffer a heart attack each year. • An estimate of 900,000 men and more than 400,000 women living in the UK have had a heart attack. More than 750,000 of these are under the age of 75. • In Scotland, between 2000 and 2009, the number of heart attacks decreased by around 25 per cent in both men and women, but is still much higher than England's rate. • One in three people who have a heart attack die before reaching hospital.

10. Stroke • What is a stroke? • A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off, often due to a blood clot. • NHS Stroke information • Stroke causes more than 42,000 deaths in the UK each year. • There are approximately 152,000 strokes in the UK each year. • In England and Scotland, stroke incidence rates are about 25 per cent higher in men than women. • An estimate of nearly 1.2 million people living in the UK have had a stroke - almost 650,000 men and 550,000 women. • Around 700,000 of these people are under the age of 75.

11. Diabetes • Discussion: 2 minutes • What do you know about diabetes? (think back to key area 3) • Diabetes- Type 1, Type 2, gestational diabetes, can’t control blood sugar, to do with insulin, genetics, poor lifestyle can cause it, makes you thirsty, urinate more, faint, hypoglycaemic, hyperglycaemic……… • Watch the following clip to explain the different types of diabetes. • http://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-causes.html

12. Smoking • Smoking has a wide range of effects on the body. • It’s not just the lungs but the brain, circulatorysystem, immune system, muscles and reproductivesystem. • Can you write down as many effects on the above systems as you can, before looking at the following health channel web page. http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Smoking_effects_on_your_body

13. The set of lungs on the left are healthy. Pink in colour no lesions or fatty deposits. The set on the right are from a smoker. Dark in colour from tar, with lesions and fatty deposits.

14. Alcohol • Alcohol is a toxic substance that is broken down in the liver. • Recommended daily intake should be no higher than 2-3 units for a woman and 3-4 for a man. • 1 unit is equivalent to half a pint of normal strength lager or a small glass of wine. • Read the NHS fact sheet about alcohol. • In your jotters list some of the long and short term effects of alcohol.

15. Diseased liver, brown in colour, wrinkled and growths. Healthy liver. It’s smooth, red in colour, little fat on it.

16. Obesity • Obesity is a term used to describe a person with a high degree of body fat, commonly with a body mass index (BMI) of over 30. • Obesity is commonly caused by consuming more calories than are needed. • High fat/sugar foods and drinks and a sedentary lifestyle are the biggest contributors to obesity. • Risks- obesity increases the risk of developing, type 2diabetes, breast cancer, colon cancer,strokes and depression.

17. Obesity Statistics • Between 1995 and 2010, the proportion of adults aged 16-64 who were overweightor obese (BMI of 25 or more) increased from 52.4% to 63.3%. • Obesity (BMI of 30 or more) in adults aged 16-64 has risen from 17.2% in 1995 to 27.4% in 2010. • In 2010 32.5% of children had a BMI out with the healthy range, boys(34.0%) and girls (30.9%). • Men‘s average BMI has increased to 28, while women’s has increased to 27.5 (2010). • The average waist size is now 99cm or 39ins, women’s average is now 89.1cm or 35ins. • Direct costs of obesity total over £5 billion a year and it is increasing. • Indirect costs could be up to £20+ billion

18. What can be done? • Think back to what a healthy lifestyle is. • How can we prevent the various conditions we have talked about? • What benefit does exercise have? It can improve our way of life in many, many ways! • up to a 35% lower risk of coronary heart disease and stroke, up to a 50% lower risk of type 2 diabetes and colon cancer, up to a 20% lower risk of breast cancer, a 30% lower risk of early death, up to an 83% lower risk of osteoarthritis, up to a 68% lower risk of hip fracture, up to a 30% lower risk of depression, up to a 30% lower risk of dementia.

19. continued • What else can we do? • Balanced diet- what is it? • Not smoking • Moderate alcohol intake • What part does genetics play? • Can any of the health problems we have looked at be hereditary?

20. Physiological measurements • To test someone's general health we can take simple physiological measurements. • Physiology is the study of how living things work (cells, organs, systems etc). • We will carry out 4 simple procedures: • BMI- Body Mass Index • Peak flow • Blood pressure • Pulse rate (resting)

21. BMI • BMI is a measure of human body shape using the relationship between your height and mass. • To calculate your BMI you use the following equation • BMI= mass (kg) • Height2 (m) • Your BMI will give you a number. This number correlates to whether you are under, normal,over-weight or obese. • Before you measure your BMI, don’t PANIC!! • BMI is not completely reliable. It doesn’t take into account muscle for example. • It is a rough guide!

22. BMI cont’d • For those of you that don’t want to do it, work out MrMorrison’s BMI. • He is 1.88 m tall. • His mass is 97kg. • What is his BMI? • BMI values correlate to a category. The table opposite lists them.

23. Peak flow • Peak flow is the maximum speed a person can expel air from their lungs. • It is recorded using a peak flow meter. • The higher the reading the healthier a persons lungs are. • Peak flow can be used to help diagnose asthma, track progress after infections such as pneumonia.

24. Peak flow • You can calculate what your peak flow should be using the following website. • Peak flow • Compare your actual peak against the laminated graph and the value you worked out from the website. • Peak flow can be improved athletes and people who take regular exercise often often have a higher peak flow reading.

25. Blood pressure and pulse rate • Blood pressure and pulse can be good indicators of the health of the cardiovascular system. • Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer. (blood pressure machine!) • We’ll use digital versions that will give you a read out of two numbers. A high number over a low number. Eg 120/80 • The high number (120) is your systolic pressure. This is the pressure created in the arteries when you heart contracts. • The low number (80) is your diastolic pressure. This is the pressure in your arteries when your heart is between beats or relaxing.

26. Digital sphygmometer. Clinical sphygmometer

27. Blood pressure and pulse rate • A healthy blood pressure is 120/80. • Why would a blood pressure of 170/100 be unhealthy? • Could low blood pressure be unhealthy? • Discuss with your partner and try and answer the 2 questions.- 3 minutes • High blood pressure puts arteries under to much pressure. This can cause them to become damaged. This can lead to strokes and heart attacks. • Low blood pressure is often not a problem. If it’s very low it can cause people to faint. Athletes will often have a much lower blood pressure than normal and it can be a sign of fitness.

28. Blood pressure and pulse rate • The average resting pulse rate is between 70-80 beats per minute (bpm). • This can depend though on your:- • Age- in general the younger you are the faster your pulse rate. Why? • Sex- females often have a higher pulse rate, by up to 10bpm, than males. • Fitness level- can you explain why athletes can have a pulse rate as low as 35-40 bpm? • Diet-after meals or alcohol your pulse rate is increased. Why?

29. Debate NHS • “Should the majority of tax payers fund the poor lifestyle choices of the few?” • “In these times of austerity, can we afford the NHS?” • “Should smokers, drinkers and obese people pay for their own NHS treatment?”