Chapter 1- 27 Study Guide

1. Chapter 1- 27 Study Guide Edna Ramos SharmaineGuevarra Kim Ngouv Katherine Manalastas

2. Chapter 1 Summary New World Beginnings America has not yet been established, but people named the Aztecs, Incas and Mayas lived across the land. A famous explorer named Christopher Columbus ventured from Europe to these foreign lands in hope for a New World. These Europeans eventually found these foreign people and labeled them ‘Indians.’ They were soon introduced to corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, etc. and many other new discoveries. Yet they were all not alone, Spanish conquerors (Conquistadores) also wanted to take over these lands. The Treaty of Cordasillas of 1494 divided the territory between the Spanish and Portugal. The Conquistadores wanted these Indians to convert to the religion of Christianity and soon they were used as slaves to tend farms. An Aztec king Montezuma was dominated over a man named Hernando Cortez . A new race of people soon evolved, mestizos, a mix of Spanish and Indian blood.

3. Chapter 2 Summary By 1607, there were several establishments made in this new land. France had established Quebec, Spain had established Santa Fe, and Britain had established Jamestown. Earlier in the 1530s, the Roman Catholic Church had been separated from King George the VIII and soon a new religion had taken ground, the Protestant Reformation. Gradually, Spain who were Roman Catholics eventually did not meet eye to eye with England and it’s direction. The Virginia Company was set to create a colony in Virginia created by King James I, and had many troubles along the way such as swampy living areas which led to many diseases that took a heavy toll on lives, as well as the fact all they were searching for was gold. The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614, and the Second Anglo-Powhatan war began in 1644 and ended 2 years later. The results harsh to the Indians, as they had to abandon their territory Chesapake. Tobacco was a new crop that boomed in business, and so began sugar plantations that became increasingly in high demand. A “slave trade” began to establish soon after. The House of Burgess was created by Virginians, which benefited to solve the local dilemmas in the area. The Act of Toleration was passed in Maryland that allowed Christians, Catholics and Protestants to live in tolerance. James Oglethorpe founded Georgia in 1733, John Wesly founded Methodism.

4. Chapter 3 Summary Many religions took began to take forth in the New World. Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation in 1517, John Calvin preached the word or Calvinism and the idea of predestination, and the Pilgrims were Separatists who desired to break away from the Church or English. These Pilgrims settled in Plymouth off the coast of new England on the infamous Mayflower, where they soon celebrated their first Thanksgiving. A Bay Colony was soon established, which thrived in fishing, shipbuilding, and fur trading. Adult men were considered freemen and were given the right to vote (franchise), soon they were labeled the Congregational Church. Predestination was challenged by a woman named Anne Hutchinson, and she held a theory arguing against it called antinomianism. America’s first constitution “Fundamental Orders” was a model that molded the eventual U.S. Constitution. In 1637, The Pequot War broke out and affected the relationship between Whites and Indians. The Dominion of New England in 1686 affected and enforced Navigation Acts which limited the America’s trading system. New York was founded in 1664, and Quakers soon took a place in the religious platter.

5. Chapter 4 Summary Diseases spread and took a majority of the life population in Chesapeake. The economy began to thrive from the tobacco, and a “headright system” soon developed for indentured servants. Yet slavery began to increase. Slaves taken from Africa began to take the place of indentured servants, and take most of the population numbers. They traveled through the “Middle Passage” from Africa to the West Indies. Little did the people of America know that these Africans would become a high influence for their food, music, traditions, etc. Nathanial Bacon’s Rebellion in the 1600s led a revolt to become a great threat to the upper class. Social hierarchy began to develop in the South, and a large gap from rich to poor was widening. Education was also becoming essential in Virginia, Harvard College being established in 1636. Salem Witch Trials made their way into history as woman were being accused of doing witchcraft and executed.

6. Chapter 5 Summary By 1775, there were 32 British colonies scattered over America. Germans and the Scot Irish were also making appearances and growing in population. Many ethnicities began to join the melting pot, and soon the land was becoming a place of opportunity. Jobs such as lawyers, priests, doctors, all began to develop as well as the dominance of agriculture. The “Triangular Trade” would travel from New England, to West Africa, to the West Indies, exchanging goods and slaves in an ongoing cycle. The Anglican Church and the Presbyterianism Church were planted, and the first big religious movement, the Great Awakening tied it down. Artists began to grow popular as well, and pamphlets became highly common.

7. Chapter 6 Summary In 1682, Louisiana was founded by Robert de La Salle, and in 1701 Detroit was founded by Antoine Cadillac. England ruled over France and Spain put together due to the King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War. The British had more advantage over this feud, likewise the War of Jenkin’s Ear. The infamous George Washington begins war with France, and the French and Indian War also soon occurs. England/American colonists as well as some Indian tribes fought against France, Spain, Russia, and Austria. During the Albany Congress in 1754, Benjamin Franklin created the famous ‘Join or Die’ cartoon which influenced the colonies greatly. The Treaty of Paris in 1763 led the French in loss as Britain took the win. But the French had become a part of America, and evolved in Acadians who were also nicknamed “Cajuns” in the South. The Proclamation of 1763 claimed that settlers could not live among the Appalachian Mountains which angered the colonists.

8. Chapter 7 Summary America was growing drastically, and soon the people began to feel a separation between themselves and their homeland. Republicanism was a new concept, when citizens were allowed to elect representatives for themselves. Yet Britain still ruled and believed in mercantilism, the nation’s wealth and power that was determined by how wealthy they were. This encouraged Navigation Laws which were first passed 1650, to carry out mercantilism. Trading became difficult as enumerated goods could only be sent to mother England. Tax on sugar was enforced in the Sugar Act of 1764. Soon the Stamp Act followed a year later that British troops were to be tended too. The protest was the Stamp Act Congress, and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty disapproved of taxes. The Boston Massacre. Boston Tea Part, Repressive Acts, Boston Port Act, and Quebec Act drove America to fight for their rights. Yet there were three groups of spli people Patriots, moderates, and Loyalists.

9. Chapter 8 Summary With the Revolution, the Americans looked to obtain their independence from the British. They looked to get away from the government of monarchy and looked to start a new government of the monarchy and looked to start a new government. With the Declaration of Independence, the Americans complained to the king about their place in the empire and formally declared themselves as an independent nation. As a society the Americans improved as an independent nation and received all the perks from winning their independence.

10. Chapter 9 New states chose a confederation as their government, a loose union of states where a federal and state level exist, yet retained the sovereignty to do their own thing states were refusing to pay taxes and national taxes was mounting as foreign credibility was slipping. Americans didn’t trade with Britain like before but now had the privilege to trade with anyone they wanted. States started to create their own individual currencies, taxes, and printed their own worthless money.

11. Chapter 10 Launching the New Ship of State-1789-1793, The first presidency -1791, The Bill of Rights -1794 Jay’s Treaty -1797Washington’s farewell -1798, The Alien and Sedition Acts-Problems of the young republic -Hamilton’s economic policies-The impact of the French Revolution-The emergence of political parties-President Adams keeps the peace-Federalists vs.. Republicans

12. Chapter 11 Presidential contest of 1800 was the first in which federalist and democratic-republicans functioned as two national political parties. As the federalist folded, so the did the democratic republic. The Louisiana Purchase made the federal government stronger. To this day, Louisiana state slaw retains vestige of its French origins while Indians were not so fortunate which led the American Ec

13. Chapter 12 THE SECOND WAR FOR INDEPEDENCE AND THE UPSURGE OF NATIONALISM ∙ Invasion of Canada 1812 ∙ The was on land and sea ∙ A new national identity ∙ 1814, The treaty of Ghent  ∙ 1820, The Missouri Compromise ∙ The Supreme Court under John Marshall ∙ 1823, The Monroe Doctrine  ∙ “The American System” ∙ The Era of Good Feelings

14. Chapter 13 THE RISE OF A MASS DEMOCRACY ∙ The Spoils System ∙ The removal of the Indians from the Southeast ∙ The “corrupt bargain” of 1824 ∙ Revolution in Texas  ∙ Mass Democracy and the two party system  ∙ 1832-1833, South Carolina nullification crisis ∙ 1828, The “Tariff of Abominations”  ∙ Jacksons War on the bank of The United States ∙ 1836, The emergence of the Whig Party

15. Chapter 14 In the mid 1800s the population continued to double every 25 years. High birthrate had accounted for population, growth, millions of Irish and Germans came. The Irish’s were hated by Americans and protestants because they were Catholic. Nativists are older Americans who were prejudice against new comes in jobs, politics, and religion. But later on during the 1840’s-1850’s. Catholicism became a major faith due to immigration. Families grew smaller, while fertility rate dropped sharply. While the laws of free incorporation came about saying there was no need to apply for a charter from a legislature to start a corporation. Congress then passed the tariff of 1816 to protect the U.S. economy.

16. Chapter 15 Attending church was a ritual for more than 75% of 23 people living in the 1850. Even though people were influenced by Christianity and other religions they were moving away from revelation and towards reasoning and science. America was a strong nation. One highlighted person that contributed little to American architecture was the talented Thomas Jefferson, who made one of the finest hilltop homesand the University of Virginia.

17. Chapter 16 The antebellum South was more of an oligarchy-a government ran by a few. The government was heavily affected by the planter aristocracy. he dominance of aristocracy in the South widened the gap between the rich and poor because the aristocrats made all the decisions in their favor in government.In 1832, states were moving to make the emancipation of any kind illegal. This nullification crisis of 1832 caused the voice of white southern abolitionism to be silenced.The Gag Resolution required all anti-slavery appeals to be tabled without debate in the House of Representatives. In 1835, the government ordered the southern postmasters to destroy abolitionist material due to anti-abolitionist mobbing and rioting at a postal office in Charleston, South Carolina. Blacks molded their own distinctive religious forms from a mixture of Christian and African elements.The Southerners argued that slavery was supported by the Bible.

18. Chapter 17 The population of California in 1845 consisted of Spanish-Mexicans and Indians. Both Whigs, Daniel Webster, as secretary of state, and Henry Clay, the king of the Whigs and their ablest spokesman in the Senate, were set to control the Presidency. Before Henry Harrison's first term, he contracted pneumonia. Only 4 weeks into the term, he died. This hampered Webster and Clay plan. In 1841, British officials in the Bahamas offered asylum to 130 Virginia slaves who had rebelled and captured the American ship Creole. Four nations claimed Oregon Country at one time: Spain, Russia, Britain, and the United States. Spain dropped out of America with the Florida Treaty of 1819 and Russia dropped out with the treaties of 1824 and 1825. Britain controlled the portion north of the Columbia River.

19. Chapter 18 President William Henry Harrison gave long inaugural address, caught pneumonia and died a month later. John Tyler became president, very strong principles, Democratic, supported states-rights rather than Whig ‘dictatorial tactics’. Slavery issues revived, Wilmot Proviso to ban slavery in M met with great resistance in Senate, started beginnings of Civil Wa

20. Chapter 19 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican American War, but it started a whole new debate about the extension of slavery, with Northerners rallying around the Wilmot Proviso; however, the Southerners shot it down. In 1848, gold was discovered in California, and thousands of men flooded into the state, thus blowing the lid off of the slavery issue. The Democratic Party was hopelessly split into two, and after 1856, it would not have a president elected for 28 years

21. Chapter 20 President Abraham Lincoln declared that secession was impractical because the North and South were not geographically divided.  He also stated that with secession, new controversies would arise, including the national debt, federal territories, and the fugitive-slave issue. President Abraham Lincoln declared that secession was impractical because the North and South were not geographically divided.  He also stated that with secession, new controversies would arise, including the national debt, federal territories, and the fugitive-slave issue. The North's blockade severely hampered the South's economy.  Transportation in the South collapsed during the Civil War.  Cotton capitalism had lost out to industrial capitalism.

22. Chapter 21 The Civil War claimed over 600,000 lives and cost over $15 billion. The Emancipation Proclamation called for the freeing of all slaves. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued a final proclamation. Lincoln now made the Civil War a war to end slavery because he declared that "the rebels could not experiment for 10 years trying to destroy the government and if they fail still come back into the Union unhurt."General Grant won the battle at Chattanooga, and the state of Tennessee was cleared of Confederates. Grant was made general in chief due to this win.The invasion of Georgia was left up to General William Tecumseh Sherman. He captured Atlanta in September of 1864 and burned it in November. He destroyed rail lines and burned buildings. He continued on through Georgia, with the main purposes of destroying supplies destined for the Confederate army and to weaken the morale of the men at the front by waging war on their homes. Sherman captured Savannah on December 22, 1864. He moved up through South Carolina, capturing and burning Columbia on February 17, 1865.

23. Chapter 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction:-free slaves-President Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction policies-The Black Codes - Defeated South-Johnson clashes with Congress-The impeachment of Andrew Jackson-The legacy of Reconstruction-”Black Reconstruction” & the Ku Klux Klan-Freed people enter politics -1867-1877 Military Reconstruction

24. Chapter 23 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age -The Populists-Political parties and partisans-The Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction -The depression of 1870s -Ulysses S. Grant, soldier-president -Corruption & reform in the post Civil War era-The emergence of Jim Benjamin Harrison & the “Billion Dollar Congress” - Depression and Dissent The chinese Populists: Radicals/Reactionaries

25. Chapter 24 Industry comes of Age-Speculators and financiers-The railroad boom-Lords of Industry : Rockefeller; oil/Carnegie;steel-The gospel of wealth-The rise and trade unions -The laboring classes Labor Unions-Early efforts at government regulations Knights of Labor Industrialization

26. Chapter 25 America Moves to the City -Settlement houses and social workers-Nativists And immigration restriction-The rise of the city-Art, music, and entertainment in urban America-The “New Woman” and the new morality-Evolution and Education-Churches in the city-Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois 1900, Manuscript Census data The Italians Pioneering Pragmatists

27. Chapter 26 The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution- The People’s party-The fading frontier-The mining and cattle frontiers-The conquest of the Indians-Free lands and fraud-Farmers protest-Bryan versus McKinley, 1896 The Plains Indians Robert Louis Stevenson’s Transcontinental, 1879

28. Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion-Roosevelt on the World Stage-The Hawaii Question- 1898, The Spanish-American War-The invasion of Cuba-The sources of Americans expansionism-Crushing the Filipino insurrection-Acquiring Puerto Rico [1898] and the Philippines [1899] -The Panama Canal -1901, Theodore Roosevelt becomes president The Puerto Ricans The Filipinos