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IRAQ. After WWI the ____________ took over the territory of the Ottoman Turks and established the country of ______ They made the ruler someone that was friendly to them but in the ______ he was overthrown by some military leaders. British. Iraq. 1950’s.
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After WWI the ____________ took over the territory of the Ottoman Turks and established the country of ______ They made the ruler someone that was friendly to them but in the ______ he was overthrown by some military leaders. British Iraq 1950’s
In 1979__________ __________ took control of the government. He was a very harsh ruler of the country who limited personal freedoms of the countries people, media, and even had many of his political enemies executed. Saddam Hussein
Iranian War 1980’s In ______Iraq invaded it’s neighbor Iran. The countries fought a very long and dragged out war that lasted ______ years. The results of the war were devastating to both countries ____________and hundreds of thousands of deaths on each side. Eight economies
Persian Gulf War • The Persian Gulf War was a war between Iraq and a group of about thirty other nations. • Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing oil by drilling under the border between the two countries. • Iraq invaded Kuwait in August of 1990, under the direction of Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. • The Iraqi army took control of Kuwait in a very short amount of time.
The UN responded to the Iraqi invasion by demanding that Iraq withdraw its troops from Kuwait. • The UN used the Iraqi economy to try to convince the country to withdraw. • They did this by cutting off trade to the country. • What is this called? • Iraq did not withdraw. • Many citizens of Kuwait fled the country during the Iraqi occupation. EMBARGO
The US and other countries began sending troops to Saudi Arabia over the next few months. • The UN set a date for Iraq to leave Kuwait. • Iraq rejected this date and refused to back down. • The US and other nations attacked the Iraqi forces in January of 1991. The Iraqi army was defeated in less than two months. • Iraq was then directed to recognize Kuwait’s sovereignty and destroy all weapons of mass destruction (WMDs).
Persian Gulf War In 1990 Iraq invaded _______________. Because of the strategic oil reserves of this small country, the invasion alarmed countries throughout the world. Saddam boasted of his supply of WMD’s or _____________________ and he had even used them on the second largest ethnic group in the country the_____ that lived in the Northern part of the country and in his war with _______. Kuwait Weapons of Mass Destruction Kurds IRAN
Persian Gulf War In 1991 Coalition Forces led by the United States began, ____________________ in order to force Iraqi troops out of Kuwait. Operation Dessert Storm
Persian Gulf War It took six weeks to get the Iraqis out but not before they started one of the largest environmental incidents in history. Kurds
Iraq after the Persian Gulf War • Saddam remained defiant in the years following the war. He allowed weapons inspectors into the country for a very short time before he started denying access. • His actions made it look as though he was still stockpiling WMD’s.
Iraq War II Operation Iraqi Freedom • After the events of 911, officials in the US government feared connections between the Hussein regime and al-Qaeda. • They were afraid that Iraq was continuing to build WMD’s such as chemical or biological weapons. • The UN sent inspectors to Iraq to check for WMD’s but were either refused entry into the country, or access to facilities that could be used for making or storing them. • In 2002, the US Congress passed an Iraq War resolution that authorized the president to go forward with a war in Iraq.
In March 2003, the US bombed targets in the Iraqi capital of Baghdad. • The next day, British, Australian, and Polish soldiers joined the US in invading Iraq and defeating the Iraqi military. • This effort was know as ? • Saddam Hussein was captured after many months and his rule ended. • He was sentenced to death and died in 2006, after being tried for killing 148 people. • Iraq under Hussein was previously involved in a long war against Iran in which chemical weapons were used against Kurds and Iranians Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Weapons of mass destruction have not been found in Iraq. • It is difficult to determine how many Iraqis have died since the invasion, but many estimates think it is over 500,000. • Many deaths are due to sectarian violence or the disruption of adequate medical care. • Over 4,000 American soldiers have been killed and over 20,000 have been wounded while fighting there. • The reasons for the US still being there is we are trying to establish a stable government.
Operation Iraqi Freedom After the war Saddam remained in power and refused to agree with the conditions that were put in place to end the war. As a result of his refusal and the fear of a possible involvement with Al Qaida, the US again invaded Iraq in 2003 in order to end the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein and to remove the supply of WMD’s it was believed that they held. No WMD’s were found Saddam Husain was found guilty of murder and executed by the new Iraqi government. Over 4000 US Service Persons have died and estimates of over 500,000 Iraqis have died since the start of the war. The reason we continue to fight is to help establish a stable government.
Iraq’s Government parliamentary democracy Iraq’s new form of government is a chief of state: head of government: President Jalal TALABANI Prime Minister Nuri al-MALIKI
The Impact of Oil and Middle East Wars • Countries in North Africa and the Persian Gulf export more oil than most other countries in the world. • The control of oil reserves has been an issue in many of the wars fought in the Middle East during the 20th century. • Many countries have been involved in wars in the Middle East.
The Impact of Oil and Middle East Wars • If this region of the world did not have such a vast supply of oil, or if the rest of the modern world did not depend on it so much, there would be much less conflict in the region. • OPEC stands for what??? • OPEC has a great deal of power on world events due to its control of the oil supply. • Following the unsuccessful Yom Kippur War in 1973, they tried to get the US to stop supporting Israel by creating and OIL EMBARGO which caused gas shortages across the country. ORANIZATION of PETROLEM EXPORTING COUNTRIES
Iran under shah reza pahlavi (1953-1979)
Shah Reza Pahlavi(r. 1941 – 1977) • Institutes Western reforms & ties with the West . • But, the majority of his people live in poverty. • Brutal suppression of dissidents SAVAK Q5
The Shah & His Wife, Farah Iranian elite and intellectual classes: very pro-Western.
The Iranian Revolution
Reasons for the Fall of the Shah • The Shah spent the oil profits for top of the line American military hardware. • Little money to reinvest back into the Iranian economy. • Religious leaders angry with the Shah for too much “Westernization.” • Government corruption. • The Shah’s constitutional violations of the basic human rights of his citizens.
Anarchy & Revolution The Shah leaves Iran on 1/16/79.
Ayatollah Khomeini(r. 1979-1989) • 1902 – 1989. • Became an Islamic scholar (studied in Qom). • Began to speak out against the Shah in the 1960s. • Arrested and imprisoned several times by the Shah. • Deported in 1978 & went to France.
Ayatollah KhomeiniLeads the Revolution Khomeini returns to Iran on February 11, 1979. Q7
Triumphant Muslim Clerics & Iranian Soldiers A theocracy is created! Q8
Iran Revolutionary Poster When the devil leaves, the angel returns!
The Islamic Republic of Iran
Political Cartoon Commentary The dictatorship is gone! Bring on the dictatorship!
Support for the Palestinian Cause Funds Hamas and Hezbollah. The Ayatollah with Yasir Arafat.
The Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)
Iran – Iraq War • in 1980, the Iran-Iraq war broke out because the two governments did not like each other, wanted each others oil supplies as well as water supplies. • There were over 1.5 million casualties • the US had to send warships in the area to protect their oil tankers from being attacked by one of the two sides • Although Iran was an enemy of the US, we secretly gave them arms during the Reagan years, which later lead to a major investigation here in the US • in 1988, the war ended with a tie
Iraqi Soldiers At the Front • 375,000 Iraqi casualties & 60,000 POWs!
Iranian Soldiers • Over 1,000,000 Iranian casualties! Q11
